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naked eye planet comparison table

Subject	has rotation period	has material	has oblateness	has effective temperature	has synonym	has atmospheric pressure	has temperature of cloud top	has maximum elongation	has precession	has equatorial radiu	has magnetic axis inclination	has atmosphere composition	has rotational period	has mean density	has orbital velocity	has magnetic field	has aphelion distance	has radius (1974) 3394 km	has mean orbital velocity	has core temperature	has central temperature	has age	has orbital period	has escape velocity	has obliquity	has has surface temperature	has has mean orbital velocity	has surface temperature	has sidereal period	has definition	has magnetic field at surface	has has orbital period	has temperature	has eccentricity	has core density	has has albedo	has core composition	has surface gravity	has mass	has cloud altitude	is an instance of	has ecliptic inclination	has radiu	has rotation period at equator	has magnetic axis offset	has semi-major axi	has mass 6.45 × 1026< sup> g (0.11 MEarth)	has magnetic field in core	has number of satellite	has albedo	has central density	has composition	has equatorial diameter	has rotation period at pole	has inclination	has relativistic advance of perihelion	has mean density 1.33 g cm-3< sup>	has polar radiu	has synodic period	has has synodic period	has perihelion distance	has mean distance from sun	has mean distance from Sun	has atmosphere density
Earth	23 hours 56 minutes 4.1 seconds	silicates, oxides, water		287 K		1.013 × 106 dyn cm-2 (at sea level)			50'.256 per year	6378.17 km		78% N2; 20.9% O2; 0.9% Ar, 0.03% C02 (by volume)		5.517 g cm-3	vorb = 29.78 km s-1		152100000 km			6400 K		4.6 ± 0.1 × 109 years	365.2564 days	Vesc = 11.19 km s-1	23°26'34" (in 1973)					Third planet from the Sun. First forms of life appeared about 3.2 to 3.5 × 109 years ago (Homo sapiens appeared as a species about 105 years ago).	0.5 gauss			e = 0.0167	10 g cm-3			980 cm s-2	5.977 × 1027 g		naked eye planet	i = 0						100 gauss		0.39 (water and land about 0.2; snow and clouds about 0.8)		mostly made of heavier non-volatile elements				4'.6 per century		6356.9 km			147100000 km in early January		149598500 km	1.3 × 10-3 g cm-3 (at sea level)
Jupiter			0.065 (from Pioneer 10)		Jovian planet					7.135 × 109 cm = 11 REarth	15° to the rotational axis (data from Pioneer 10)	primarily H2 (85%) and He (14%), with traces of methane, ammonia	9h50m at equator; 9h55m at polar regions (see Systems I and II longitude).			4 gauss (data from Pioneer 10)					5 × 104 K			Vesc = 61 km s-1	3°.1	120 K	13.06 km s-1			Fifth planet from the Sun. It is more massive than all other planets and satellites combined; if it were about 80 times more massive, it would become self-luminous due to fusion reactions. The heat flux to from the center to the surface is mainly convective. For both Jupiter and Saturn it is necessary to invoke a substantial source of internal heating (presumably gravitational contraction) to account for the surface temperature (Jupiter radiates about 2 1/2 times as much heat as it receives from the Sun). Jupiter's surface shows pronounced horizontal striations: the light layers (zones) are at a slightly higher altitude and about 15° cooler than the dark layers (belts). It is surrounded by a partial torus of atomic H in the orbit of Io. Thirteen satellites, the four outermost of which have retrograde motion, high eccentricity, and high inclination. (Jupiter XIII, discovered in 1974, has a period of 239 days; i = 26°.7, e = 0.147.)		11.86 years		e = 0.048		0.51	metallic hydrogen in a pressure-ionized liquid phase	2.7 that of Earth	1.90 × 1030 g = 318 MEarth		naked eye planet				0.1 Jupiter radius from the center of the planet (data from Pioneer 10)	5.203 AU					35 megabar	Mostly made of various light elements such as gases and simple compounds			i = 1°18'18"			6.7 × 109 cm		398.9 days
Mars		silicates, oxides, water	0.0092			3.5 millibars (data from mariner 7)						more than 90% CO2, traces of O2, CO, H2O.	24h37m22s.6	4.0 g cm-3				-has source: Hopkins, J. 1976 Glossary of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago Press	24.2 km s-1					5.1 km s-1	23°59'			248 K	687 days	Fourth major planet out from the Sun. Its tiny satellites are locked in synchronous rotation with mars.				e = 0.0934			liquid Ni - Fe	0.38 that of Earth	greater than Pluto's mass and less massive than ten times Jupiter's mass		superior planet								2	0.16		mostly made of heavier non-volatile elements			i = 1°.85				779.9 days			1.5237 AU
Saturn			0.1		Jovian planet							hydrogen and helium		0.7 g cm-3	Vorb = 9.65 km s-1									Vesc = 33.1 km s-1	26°44'				29.458 years	Sixth major planet out from the Sun. The most spectacular of the Solar System, it is circled by a series of concentric rings. All the satellites of Saturn are locked in synchronous rotation.			Teff ≈ 160 K	e = 0.056				11 m s-2	5.7 × 1029 g = 95.2 MEarth		naked eye planet			10h14m					10	0.50		Mostly made of various light elements such as gases and simple compounds	116340 km	10h38m	i = 2°29'33"				378 days				9.540 AU
Venus	243.09 ± 0.5 days	silicates, oxides, water				92-95 atm	250 K	48°				90-95% CO2, remainder primarily N2, traces of water vapor, oxygen, HF, HC1 (by volume)		5.16 g cm-3	35 km s-1								224.7 days	Vesc = 10.3 km s-1	3° R			743 ± 8 K (from Venera 8)		Second planet from the Sun. Has retrograde rotation. Mariner 10 has established that the cloud tops rotate every 4 hours retrograde. Radar experiments have established that the surface is somewhat smoother than the Moon, but there are mountains and there is extensive cratering. Last transit of Sun was in 1882; next one will be 2004. Venus's rotation period is in synchronism with Earth - that is, at inferior conjunction the same side is always toward the Earth.				e = 0.0068				8 m s2	4.872 × 1027 g	44 km	naked eye planet		6056 km							0.76		mostly made of heavier non-volatile elements			i = 3°.39				583.9 days				0.7233 AU

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