null | a class or an object or a primitive datum | giving the data type followed by the name of the variable | a type | a label for a chunk of memory that holds the memory address for a chunk of memory that holds and instance | | named object reference | Variables and Data Types | prepend a class or package names to a reference with the character '.' | bold = mandatory italic = non-terminal normal font = optional | to refer to an object indirectly so the object may be moved or reclaimed | the block where it is declared | other variables and methods in any class in the same package by default | | value | | an invalid or uncreated object | only values that are of the same type as the variable or a subtype of the variable's type | to the programmer except for the equals method |