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!	has purpose to negate the value of the operand
	indicates logical NOT
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of logical operator
	is an instance of unary operator
!=	has purpose to return true if the operands are not equal
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of binary operator
	is an instance of identity comparison operator
	is an instance of relational operator
%	has purpose to compute the remainder of dividing one operand by another
	has syntax operand1 % operand2
	indicates modulus
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of arithmetic operator
	is an instance of binary operator
%=	has equivalent op1 %= op2 is equivalent to op1 = op1 % op2
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of assignment operator
&	has purpose to return true if both operands evaluate to true
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of binary operator
	is an instance of bitwise operator
	is an instance of logical operator
	always evaluates both its operands
&&	evaluates its second operand only if the first operand returns true
	has purpose to return true if both operands evaluate to true
	indicates logical AND
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of binary operator
	is an instance of logical operator
	is an instance of short circuit operator
&=	has equivalent op1 &= op2 is equivalent to op1 = op1 & op2
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of assignment operator
*	has purpose to multiply one operand by another
	has syntax operand1 * operand2
	indicates multiplication
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of arithmetic operator
	is an instance of binary operator
*=	has equivalent op1 *= op2 is equivalent to op1 = op1 * op2
	has example example expression equivalent longer expression a*=b; a=a*b;
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of augmented assignment operator
+	+ indicates string concatenation if its operands have type String otherwise + indicates addition
	has purpose to add two operands together or to perform string concatenation
	has syntax operand1 + operand2
	indicates addition
	is said to be an overloaded operator because it has two different meanings depending on the types of its operands
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of arithmetic operator
	is an instance of binary operator
++	has example example expression equivalent longer expression a++; b=a++; ++a; b=++a; a=a+1; b=a; a=a+1; a=a+1; a=a+1; b=a;
	has purpose to increment its operand by one
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of arithmetic operator
	is an instance of postfix operator
	is an instance of prefix operator
	is an instance of unary operator
	can be used in prefix or postfix form
+=	has equivalent op1 += op2 is equivalent to op1 = op1 + op2
	has example example expression equivalent longer expression a+=b; a=a+b;
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of augmented assignment operator
-	has purpose to subtract one operand from another
	has syntax operand1 - operand2
	indicates subtraction
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of arithmetic operator
	is an instance of binary operator
--	has example example expression equivalent longer expression a--; b=a--; --a; b=--a; a=a-1; b=a; a=a-1; a=a-1; a=a-1; b=a;
	has purpose to decrement its operand by one
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of arithmetic operator
	is an instance of postfix operator
	is an instance of prefix operator
	is an instance of unary operator
	can be used in prefix or postfix form
-=	has equivalent op1 -= op2 is equivalent to op1 = op1 - op2
	has example example expression equivalent longer expression a-=b; a=a-b;
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of augmented assignment operator
.	is a subtopic of Operators
	is a synonym of dot operator
	is an instance of operator
	is used to access an instance variable of an object in Java, for example: b.variableName
/	has purpose to divide one operand by another
	has syntax operand1 / operand2
	indicates division
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of arithmetic operator
	is an instance of binary operator
/=	has equivalent op1 /= op2 is equivalent to op1 = op1 / op2
	has example example expression equivalent longer expression a/=b; a=/b;
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of augmented assignment operator
<	has purpose to return true if the first operand is less than the second operand
	is an instance of binary operator
	is an instance of relational operator
<<	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of shift operator
<<=	has equivalent op1 <<= op2 is equivalent to op1 = op1 << op2
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of assignment operator
<=	has purpose to return true if the first operand is less than or equal to the second operand
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of binary operator
	is an instance of relational operator
=	indicates assignment
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of assignment operator
	returns the same value as the value assigned
==	has purpose to compare any two variables to test if they are identical, which means they either refer to the same objects or have the same primitive values
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of binary operator
	is an instance of identity comparison operator
	is an instance of relational operator
	is used by boolean data type
	returns a boolean
>	has purpose to return true if the first operand is greater than the second operand
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of binary operator
	is an instance of relational operator
>=	has purpose to return true if the first operand is greater than or equal to the second operand
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of binary operator
	is an instance of relational operator
>>	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of shift operator
>>=	has equivalent op1 >>= op2 is equivalent to op1 = op1 >> op2
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of assignment operator
>>>	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of shift operator
>>>=	has equivalent op1 >>>= op2 is equivalent to op1 = op1 >>> op2
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of assignment operator
?:	has right to left associativity
	has purpose to evaluate the expression on the left and return one value if the expression is true and a different value if the expression if false
	has syntax result = (condition) ? doSomething() : doSomethingElse(); If condition is true, then result is set to the expression following the question mark, otherwise result is set to the expression following the colon
	has syntax expression ? op1 : op2
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is a synonym of conditional operator
	is an instance of operator
	is an instance of tertiary operator
	returns the value of the selected expression
	can shorten code but can also make code harder to understand
abbreviation	is a kind of kbTop
abstract	has definition A Java programming language keyword used in a class definition to specify that a class is not to be instantiated, but rather inherited by other classes
	has definition A keyword that means a class cannot be instantiated
	has purpose to indicate that a class cannot be instantiated or to indicate that a method has no implementation
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is an instance of keyword
	is used to declare abstract class
	is used to declare abstract method
	can modify method, class, interface
abstract class	defines generic behaviour
	has definition A class that can only be subclassed - it cannot be instantiated or the compiler will display an error message and refuse to compile the program
	has purpose to hold features that will be inherited by two or more subclasses
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is created by specifying the abstract keyword on the first line when you declare the class
	is not required to have any abstract methods
	is the opposite of concrete class
	can define 1 programming interface
	can have concrete methods or instance variables
	can omit some or all of the implementation of its methods
	can provide 0 or more method declarations for all methods needed to implement its programming interface to its subclasses
	cannot be final
	cannot have instances
	usually is not fully defined
abstract data type	is a synonym of interface
abstract method	has definition A method with no implementation
	has purpose to serve as a placeholder, indicating that subclasses must have concrete implementations
	is a kind of instance method
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is always overridden by a method in a subclass
	is created by marking it abstract
	does not have part body
	may not be defined in a class that is not abstract
	must have overriding methods in all non-abstract subclasses with instances that call that method
	must not contain any executable statements in its body
Abstract Windowing Toolkit	has specification
	has been largely replaced by the Project Swing component set
	has definition A collection of graphical user interface (GUI) components that were implemented using native-platform versions of the components
	is a kind of collection of software components
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
	is a subtopic of Java Tools
	is abbreviated as AWT
	is part of core API
	provides the subset of functionality which is common to all native platforms
abstraction	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
abstraction mechanism	is a kind of mechanism
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
Access Control	is a subtopic of Classes and Methods
access mode	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Access Control
	see also access modifier
access modifier	has definition A keyword that specifies how restricted the access is to a class or interface or variable or method
	has purpose to control which other code can have access to a method or variable
	is a kind of keyword
	is a subtopic of Access Control
	is a synonym of access specifier
	is a synonym of visibility modifier
	is partitioned into private, protected, public
	precedes the definition of a method, instance variable or class variable
	see also access mode
access modifier of an overriding method	is a kind of access modifier
	is a subtopic of Access Control
	can allow more access than the overridden method's access modifier allows
	cannot allow less access than the overridden method's access modifier allows
access specifier	is a synonym of access modifier
access unit	has access mode
	has definition A syntactic unit to which access can be controlled with an access modifier
	is a kind of syntactic unit
	is a subtopic of Access Control
	may have access modifier
accessor method	allows you to include additional computation, for example writing out a message
	facilitates data abstraction
	has definition A method which returns (getter) or changes (setter, mutator) the state of an object
	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of Methods
	can provide access to imaginary instance variable that exist only in the sense that their values can be computed from instance variables that do exist
	should be provided if you anticipate that the detailed definition of a class may change because this will isolate the effects of potential changes
action	is a kind of kbTop
An Introduction to Object Oriented Programming with Java	has author C. Thomas Wu
	has ISBN number 0-07-239684-9
	has URL http://www.drcaffeine.com/
	is a subtopic of References
	is an instance of book
	was published by McGraw Hill
	was published in 2000
ancestor	has definition A class A is an ancestor of class B if it is farther up in the class hierarchy than class B and class B is descended from it
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
	is a synonym of ascendant
	is a synonym of ascendant class
anonymous inner class	is a kind of inner class
	is a subtopic of Classes
	can extend another class
	can implement a single interface
	cannot define a constructor
API	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is an abbreviation for Application Programming Interface
	is an instance of abbreviation
applet	adheres to a set of conventions that lets it run within a Java-compatible browser
	has definition A program that adheres to certain conventions that allow it to run within a Java-enabled browser
	has example import java.awt.Graphics; class HelloWorldApplet extends java.applet.Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawString("HelloWorld!",5,25); } }
	is an instance of Applet class, JApplet class or one of their subclasses
	is a kind of Java program
	is a subtopic of Applets
	is a synonym of Java applet
	is started by an init method
	is usually written using Java 1.0 or Java 1.1 because most web browsers do not support later versions of Java
	normally does not run standalone
	runs in the applet viewer or a Java-compatible Web browser
	can be embedded in an HTML page
	can be loaded from a remote or local location
	can be viewed by a Java-compatible Web browser
	can be written using Java 2 but the person viewing the applet must be using a browser that supports it or they must download the Java Plug-in
	can have a main method if it is to be run standalone (usually for the purpose of testing)
	can have parameters which are passed from the HTML file to the applet when the applet is loaded
	cannot change the executing machine's environment
	cannot read arguments from the command line
Applet class	has final sequence of statements defined in the destroy() method
	has initialization sequence found in the init() method
	has paint() method to display graphical output
	has start procedure in the start() method
	has stopping procedure in the Stop() method
	is a subtopic of Applets
	is an instance of class
	is part of applet package
applet	does not have part title bar close button
	does not need a main method if it is used solely in a browser
	must implement one of init method start method paint method
	must implement a destroy method which is executed when the applet is no longer needed
	must implement a stop method which may be executed anytime, usually when the applet is not immediately visible
applet parameter	has part name and value
	is a kind of parameter
	is a subtopic of Applets
	is passed to the applet when the applet is loaded
	is specified in the applet tag using a PARAM argument
applet tag	contains configuration information for an applet
	has attributes CODE - the name of the applet's main class file CODEBASE - the directory where the applet's files are contained WIDTH - the width of the applet window on the Web page HEIGHT - the height of the applet window on the Web page ALIGN - how the applet is aligned on the Web page in relation to the other parts of the page HSPACE - the amount of horizontal space in pixels between the applet and the surrounding text VSPACE - the amount of vertical space in pixels between the applet and the surrounding text ARCHIVE - the file containing a Java Archive file PARAM - a parameter of the applet
	has example <APPLET CODE="MeterApplet.class" width="300" height="200"></APPLET>
	is a kind of HTML tag
	is a subtopic of Applets
applet viewer	has purpose allows you to run applets in an html file outside a web browser
	is a kind of Java program
	is a subtopic of Applets
	is part of the Java Development Kit
	to run you type on the command line: appletviewer file:///fileName where fileName is a URL or the path to an HTML file
Applets	is a subtopic of kbTop
application	consists of one or more classes
	contains one class that contains a main method which serves as the starting point for the rest of the program
	has definition A Java program that does not run in a Web browser
	has example of running java HelloWorld
	has part 1 main method called its entry point
	is a kind of Java program
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is a synonym of Java application
	is run by using a Java interpreter to load the application's main class file - this is normally done from the command-line prompt using the java tool from the SDK
	is similar to an applet
	may have command line arguments
Application Programming Interface	has definition The specification of how a programmer writing an application accesses the behaviour and state of classes and objects
	is a kind of specification
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is abbreviated as API
	specifies how a programmer accesses the behaviour and state of classes and objects
application	to run you type java and the class file name (without its extension) on the command line
argument	is a synonym of parameter
argument of an operator	is a synonym of operand
arithmetic expression	is a synonym of numeric expression
arithmetic operator	has purpose to perform basic arithmetic operations
	is a kind of operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
array	has a fixed size
	has a mechanism for preventing access outside the bounds of the array
	has a type which is the type of every data item in the array
	has definition A collection of data items that are all of the same type, in which each item's position is uniquely designated by an integer
	has example //the following sums all the elements of an integer array: for(int i = 0; i < anIntArray.length; i++) { sum += anIntArray[i]; }
	has example of creation //Create an array called numbers containing 4 integers int numbers; numbers = new int [4]; //Or create the array combining the two statements into one int numbers [] = new int [4]; //Or create the array and initialize it too int numbers [] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
	has length stored in the instance variable length
	is more efficient than specialized collection classes
	is object-like but is not a true instance of a class
	is zero-based which means the first element is element 0
	is a kind of object
	is a subtopic of Arrays
	is created using the new operator
	is declared using an array declaration
	is initialized to default values if it is created using new numerical arrays contain all 0's Boolean arrays set every element to false character arrays contain all '\0' arrays of objects contain all null
	is not an instance of a class which you can subclass or for which you can write your own code
array access expression	has example myArray[1]
	is a kind of expression
	is a subtopic of Arrays
array	can be composed of primitive types or instances of classes
array constant	is a synonym of array literal
array creation expression	has example new int[10] (array is created at run time)
	is a kind of new expression
	is a subtopic of Arrays
array declaration	has example int[] anIntArray = new int[25]; byte[] aByteArray; // not initialized Account[] anAccountArray = new Account[numAccounts];
	has syntax dataTypeOfElements[] arrayName;
	has syntax square brackets following the type
	is a kind of declaration
	is a subtopic of Arrays
array literal	has example {1,2,3} (array is created at compile time)
	is a kind of literal
	is a kind of object creation expression
	is a subtopic of Arrays
	is a subtopic of Literals
	is a synonym of array constant
array of numbers	is a kind of array
	is a subtopic of Arrays
	is initialized automatically so that every element has the value 0
array	should be avoided if you do not know beforehand the number of items it will contain
	should not be used to manipulate collections of objects
array type	is a kind of reference type
	is a subtopic of Arrays
ArrayList	has specification
	has methods set, add and remove
	has purpose to allow you to build collections of objects that grow as more objects are added
	is a subtopic of Collections
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is an instance of collection class
Arrays	is a subtopic of Java Basics
ascendant	is a synonym of ancestor
ascendant class	is a synonym of ancestor
ASCII	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is an instance of coding scheme
	cannot represent all the symbols used in languages other than English
assignment expression	has definition An expression that contains an assignment operator
	has example (x = 1) * 2 (with no ;)
	has purpose to assign to a variable
	is a kind of expression
	is a subtopic of Statements and Expressions
assignment operator	has definition An operator that performs assignment to the variable on the left and returns the value of the expression on the right
	is a kind of operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
assignment statement	has example aVariable = 5;
	has purpose to assign a value to a variable
	is a kind of expression statement
	is a subtopic of Statements and Expressions
association	has example class Person in a business application might have the following relationships: supervisor (association to class Manager) tasksToDo (association to class Task )
	is a kind of kbTop
	represents the relationship between instances of one class and instances of another
attribute	has definition a simple piece of data used to represent the properties of an object
	has example each instance of class Person might have the following attributes: name dateOfBirth socialSecurityNumber telephoneNumber address
	is a kind of kbTop
augmented assignment operator	has syntax variable name operator= expression
	is a kind of assignment operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
	reassigns a variable to a value obtained through a combination of the variable's current value with an expression's value
	may cause an expression written using it to execute faster than the corresponding expression written without it
AWT	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
	is a subtopic of Java Tools
	is an abbreviation for Abstract Windowing Toolkit
	is an instance of abbreviation
AWT component	is simpler than Java Beans or Swing components but more limited
	is a kind of user interface component
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
behaviour	has definition The set of all responses to all possible messages
	has definition The way an object or system acts and reacts, possibly changing its state
	is a kind of kbTop
behaviour of subclass	is more specialized than behaviour of its superclass
	is a kind of behaviour
	is a subtopic of Classes
binary operator	has definition An operator that has 2 arguments
	has definition An operator that has two operands
	is a kind of operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
	uses an infix notation
binding	is a kind of mechanism
bitwise operator	has definition An operator that performs a boolean operation bit by bit on two integral types of the same length
	is a kind of operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
block	contains several statements surrounded by braces
	has definition A syntactic unit that groups statements or makes new declarations
	has definition Any code between matching braces
	has example { a =5; b = computeSomething; }
	has layout example style preferred by Sun: if(condition) { // statements }
	has layout example style preferred by the authors: if(condition) { // statements }
	has purpose to create a new scope and/or to create a compound statement
	is a kind of scoping unit
	is a subtopic of Statements and Expressions
	is partitioned into body, nested block
	is used as the body of classes, loops, conditional statements and for exception handling
body	has definition A block that is not nested inside another block
	is a kind of block
	is a subtopic of Statements and Expressions
book	is a kind of publication
boolean	is a kind of primitive value
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	see also Boolean class
	can use == operator
	can use basic arithmetic operators +, -, *, / and %
Boolean class	has specification
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of wrapper class
	see also boolean
boolean expression	has definition An expression that produces a true or false result
	has example x < y & z > 1
	has purpose to compute values or to control the flow of execution
	has type boolean
	is a kind of expression
	is a subtopic of Statements and Expressions
boolean literal	has example true
	is a kind of literal
	is a subtopic of Literals
	can be true or false
boolean operator	is a synonym of logical operator
boolean^2	has default value false
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of primitive type
	can have value true or false
	may not be cast to or from any other type
	may not be treated as an integer as in C
boolean^3	has purpose to indicate that a variable is of type boolean
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of keyword
Borland JBuilder	has URL http://www.borland.com/jbuilder/
	is a subtopic of Java Tools
	is an instance of programming environment
break	has purpose to indicate a break statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	is an instance of keyword
break statement	causes execution to immediately halt the current loop
	has purpose to terminate a loop or switch-case statement
	is a kind of control flow statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	see also break
browser	has procedure for handling applets: the browser finds the applet tag the browser creates an instance of the applet's class the browser sets the size of the applet based on the size specified in the applet tag the applet is connected to the browser the browser calls the init method of the applet the browser calls the start method of the applet the runtime system sends events to the applet the browser sends the stop method of the applet the browser calls the destroy method of the applet
	is a synonym of Web browser
built-in exception	when a built-in exception is raised an instance of the exception's class is created that contains information about the problem causing the exception
	is a kind of exception
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
button	is a kind of user interface component
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
byte	is a kind of integer
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	requires 8 bits
	see also Byte class
	can use basic arithmetic operators +, -, *, / and %
Byte class	has specification
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of wrapper class
	see also byte
byte	should not be used for textual data which is to be exposed to the end user
byte^2	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of integer^2
	specifies the set of bytes from 00 to FF
	can hold a value between -128 and 127
byte^3	has purpose to indicate that a variable is of type byte
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of keyword
bytecode	has definition Machine-independent code generated by the Java compiler and executed by the Java interpreter
	has purpose to make possible "write once, run anywhere"
	is like a universal machine language
	is a kind of executable code
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is not designed to be read by human beings
	is stored in class files ending with the .class suffix, or in libraries ending with .jar
	can be run on any computer with an implementation of the Java Virtual Machine specification
bytecode verifier	checks that a class is not a subclass of a final class
	ensures that subversion is not taking place at the bytecode level
	has definition A verifier that is part of the Class File verifier and which performs a data-flow analysis on the actual bytecode stream that is contained in each method definition in the class .
	has purpose to verify each class loaded over a network to ensure that it obeys all Java language rules
	is a kind of tool
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is part of the Java Runtime System
C++	adds object oriented extensions to C
	has much the same syntax as C
	has feature macros
	has feature multiple inheritance
	has feature operator overloading
	has feature pointer arithmetic
	is the most widely used object-oriented programming language
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
	is an instance of object-oriented programming language
	was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
caret	has purpose to perform a bitwise exclusive or
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of binary operator
	is an instance of bitwise operator
caret=	has equivalent op1 caret= op2 is equivalent to op1 = op1 caret op2
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of assignment operator
carriage return character	is a subtopic of Literals
	is an instance of char
	is an instance of character literal
	is denoted by '\r'
case	has purpose to label the case clause of a switch-case statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	is an instance of keyword
	see also switch-case statement
case statement	is a synonym of switch-case statement
cast expression	has example (int)5.2
	has purpose to convert an expression of one type into another type
	is a kind of expression
	is a subtopic of Objects
cast operator	has purpose to convert an expression of one type into another type
	has syntax (type) expression
	is a subtopic of Objects
	is an instance of operator
casting	has definition The process of producing a new value that has a different type than its source
	has example (String)i.next()
	has purpose to convert an instance of one data type into another which is a subclass of the original type
	is a kind of mechanism
	is a subtopic of Objects
casting a primitive type	has example //i is an int //d is a double (double) i // a double expression (int) d // an int expression // note that the original types of i and d remain the same
	has syntax (typename)value
	is a kind of casting
	is a subtopic of Objects
	cannot be used to convert a primitive type to an object
	may be done implicitly if the destination type is larger than the source type (such as using a byte as an int)
	may not involve a Boolean type
	must be done explicitly if the destination type is smaller than the source type to avoid loss of precision
casting an object	has syntax (classname)object
	is a kind of casting
	is a subtopic of Objects
	can only be performed if the source and destination types of the object are related by inheritance - one class must be a subclass of the other
	cannot be used to convert an object to a primitive type - use a wrapper class instead
	may be done implicitly if the destination type is a subclass of the source type
	must be done explicitly if the destination type is a superclass of the source type
catch	has purpose to indicate the catch block(s) of a try-catch-finally statement
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
	is an instance of keyword
catch block	has purpose to catch a particular type of exception
	has syntax // a try-catch-finally statement showing the catch blocks in bold try{ statements } catch (exception_type1 identifier1) { statements } catch (exception_type2 identifier2) { statements ... } finally { statements }
	is a kind of block
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
	is part of try-catch-finally statement
char	contains 2 bytes
	has size 2 bytes
	is a kind of integral value
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is a synonym of character
	is a synonym of Unicode character
	see also Character class
	can be used in a switch statement because a char is an integral type
	can use basic arithmetic operators +, -, *, / and %
char^2	has default value '\u0000'
	holds a two byte Unicode character
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of integral type
	can be used as an int because each character has a corresponding numerical code that represents its position in the character set
	does not have a sign indicating positive or negative
char^3	has purpose to indicate that a variable is of type char
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of keyword
character	is a synonym of char
Character class	has specification
	has method isDigit
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is an instance of wrapper class
	see also char
character literal	has example 'A'
	is a kind of literal
	is a subtopic of Literals
	can be any single Unicode character
checked exception	if a checked exception may be thrown by a method then that method must have a throws clause that mentions the class of that exception or one of the superclasses of the class of that exception
	has definition A kind of exception that Java checks for at compile time and for which a Java program contains handlers
	is a kind of exception
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
class	a class is a member of the default package unless its source file contains a package statement
	if a class has one or more abstract methods or the class does not implement all of its superclass's abstract methods then the class must be declared abstract
	if a class has no explicit constructor then the default constructor is used
	if a class implements an interface then the class must provide implementations for all methods declared in the interface and its superinterfaces or the class must be declared abstract
	if a class is not declared public then it is accessible only to members of the same package
	adds 0 or more methods to the methods it inherits from its superclass
	adds 0 or more variables to the variables it inherits from its superclass
	contains all of the code that relates to its objects including code describing how the objects of the class are structured - i.e. the data stored in each object that implement the properties the procedures, called methods, that implement the behaviour of the objects
	contains data associated with each object
	declares a list of variables, called instance variables, corresponding to data that will be present in each instance
	defines 0 or more class methods 0 or more class variables 0 or more instance methods 0 or more instance variables
	defines a class type whose instances are the values of the class type
	has 0 or more subclasses
	has 1 superclass except Object class which has no superclass
	has a fully qualified name that includes its package name and a simple name that does not include its package name
	has behaviour that is specified by its instance methods
	has more specialized behaviour than a class farther up in the class hierarchy
	has public interface which contains its public instance variables and instance methods
	has benefit reusability modularity
	has definition A blueprint (prototype) that defines (the variables and the methods) common to all objects of a certain kind
	has definition A software module that provides both procedural and data abstraction. It describes a set of similar objects, called its instances
	has definition A specification that defines variables and methods common to a set of all objects of a certain kind
	has definition A template that describes the data and behaviour of its instances called objects
	has example public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello World!"); } }
	has part class name
	has part code
	has part constructor
	has syntax class classname { // declarations of variables // declarations of constructors // declarations of other methods with public ones first }
	inherits 0 or more methods from its superclass
	inherits 0 or more variables from its superclass
	inherits behaviour from its superclass
	is abstract if it has one or more abstract methods
	is the unit of data abstraction in an object-oriented program
	is a descendant of Object class
	is a kind of access unit
	is a kind of specification
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is partitioned into abstract class, concrete class
	is specified by 1 class definition
	provides implementation for all its instance methods unless the class is abstract
	represents several similar objects
	uses an implements clause to declare that it contains methods for each of the operations specified by the interface
class body	contains declarations for instance variables class variables instance methods class methods
	has definition A block that specifies the variable declarations, the methods and the constructors for the class
	has purpose to specify the variable declarations, methods and constructors for a class
	has syntax { class element } where class element can be 0 or more of: variable declarations, constructors, initialization blocks, methods
	is a kind of body
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is a synonym of class definition block
	cannot contain executable statements except inside blocks
class	can access any public class in other packages
	can be imported from a package
	can extend only one superclass
	can have a main method
	can have instances
	can have more than one constructor each of which has different sets of arguments
	can have the same name as another class if the two classes are not in the same package and their packages are never imported into the same file
	can implement more than one interface
	can override methods that are inherited from the class's superclass
	can protect its members from access by other classes or objects using an access modifier
	cannot inherit method implementations from an interface
class declaration	if a class declaration does not contain an extends clause then the class is a direct subclass of Object class by default
	has definition A declaration that specifies a class and does not include the class body
	has example public class HelloWorld
	has purpose to specify the class
	has syntax public abstract final class nameOfClass extends Super implements Interfaces
	is a kind of declaration
	is a subtopic of Classes
	must contain the class name
class defined within a method	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of Classes
	can access fields within the method only if the fields are defined as final
class definition	if a class definition does not contain the extends keyword then the class is a subclass of Object class
	has 1 or more constructors for the class
	has definition A definition that specifies a class and includes the class body
	has example public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello World!"); } }
	has part class declaration, class body
	has purpose to define a class
	has syntax public abstract final class nameOfClass extends Super implements Interfaces { ClassBody }
	is a kind of definition
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is stored in source file with the same name as the class and extension .java
class definition block	is a synonym of class body
class definition	can contain class methods, class variables, instance methods, instance variables
class file	contains bytecode
	has definition A file that contains Java bytecodes
	has file name extension .class
	has purpose to hold the compiled code of a program
	is a kind of file
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	can have a pathname that is different from the source pathname
	must be executed by a Java Virtual Machine
	must have a name that is the same as the source (Java) name except for the extension .class
class hierarchy	has definition A hierarchy of classes
	is a kind of hierarchy
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
class in a package	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of Packages
	must be put into a directory with the same name as the package
class in an imported package	is a kind of class in a package
	is a subtopic of Packages
	can be referred to by name if the package is imported
class	may have access modifier public or private or protected
class member	has definition A member of a class which is either a field or a method
	is a kind of member
	is a subtopic of Members
	is a synonym of static member
	is partitioned into class method, class variable
	can be used by every method of the class
class method	if a class method is public then it can be used by all objects
	affects the class as a whole, not a particular instance of the class
	has definition A method that is invoked without reference to a particular object
	has definition A method that, unlike an instance method, does not execute in the context of a particular instance of a class
	has purpose implementing functions such as initializing a class, or operating on the complete set of instances of a class
	is a kind of class member
	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is a synonym of static method
	is called by using the name of the class, followed by a dot, followed by the name of the method (the name of the class can be omitted when calling a class method in the current class)
	is marked as static
	is part of 1 class
	operates on 0 or more class variables of its class
	specifies the behaviour of the class
class method call	has example methodname(instancename);
	is a kind of method call
	is a subtopic of Methods
class method	can be accessed from any instance of its class or directly from its class
	cannot access directly any instance variable
	cannot be overridden
	does not have 'this' value when it is executing
class name	has first letter of each word capitalized by convention
	has example PartTimeEmployee
	is a kind of name
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is written in the singular by convention
	does not contain spaces
	should be a noun by convention
	should not be too general or too specific
class path	has definition An ordered list of directories or zip files to search for class files
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is set by setting the CLASSPATH environment variable (not recommended) using the -classpath runtime option when you invoke the Java compiler using the -classpath runtime option when you invoke the Java interpreter
class	should be a member of 1 named package rather than the default package
	should be named after a thing its instances represent in the real world
	should be placed in its own source file
	should have a comment at the top describing the purpose of the class, how it should be used, its authors and its history of modification
	should have a unique name since somebody in the future might want to import the packages containing both classes and hence create a name clash
	should not be named after the internals of a computer system such as 'Record', 'Table', 'Data', 'Structure', or 'Information'
	should order elements as follows: class variables instance variables constructors the most important public methods methods that are simply used to access variables private methods
class that implements an interface	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
	does not have to be related to other classes that implement the same interface in any other way
class that imports a package	has access to methods and variables in the imported package that are not declared public
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of Packages
class	to instantiate you create an instance of it
class type	has definition A reference type that is defined by a class, i.e. its values are the class instances
	is a kind of reference type
	is a subtopic of Classes
class variable	belongs to 1 class
	defines an attribute of an entire class
	has a name
	has a value that is shared by all instances of a class
	has definition A data item present in a class that is shared by all instances of that class
	is a kind of class member
	is a kind of member variable
	is a subtopic of Members
	is a synonym of static field
	is a synonym of static member variable
	is a synonym of static variable
	is allocated once for a class
	is allocated when the class is loaded
	is declared in the body of the class (not inside a method)
	is marked as static
	is not associated with any instance of any class
	is part of a class
	is referred to by specifying the name of the class, followed by a dot, followed by the name of the variable
	represents the state of a class
	takes the place of global variables used in other languages
	can be accessed from any instance method of the class any class method of the class
	can be used to store default or 'constant' values that are widely used by methods in a class lookup tables and similar structures used in algorithms in a particular class
class variable definition	contains the keyword static
	has example static int num_circles = 0;
	has purpose to define a class variable
	is a kind of variable definition
	is a subtopic of Members
class variable	should not be overused
class^2	has definition A keyword that must be in a class declaration
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is an instance of keyword
Classes	is a subtopic of Classes and Methods
Classes and Methods	is a subtopic of kbTop
CLASSPATH environment variable	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	specifies the class path
clause	is a kind of syntactic unit
clone	has specification
	has definition A method that creates objects from other objects of the same type
	has purpose to create objects from other objects of the same type
	is a subtopic of Example Methods
	is an instance of method that is declared in Object class
cloning	is a synonym of duplication of code
code	has definition Computer programming instructions
	is a kind of kbTop
code layout principle	is a kind of principle
	is a subtopic of Programming
	can be found at Sun
CodeWarrior	has URL http://metrowerks.com
	is a subtopic of Java Tools
	is an instance of programming environment
coding scheme	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
collection	has definition A group of things
	is a kind of kbTop
collection class	has iterator method for doing something with every member of the collection
	has purpose working with collections of objects
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of classes
	is a subtopic of Collections
collection of software components	is a kind of kbTop
Collections	is a subtopic of Java Basics
command-line argument	has example of use java EchoArgs Tim John "Pamela Sue" Fred 25
	is a parameter of a main method
	is a kind of parameter
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is stored in an array of strings and passed to the main method
	should be surrounded by quotations marks if the argument is more than one word long
comment	has example executeMe(); // doNotExecuteMe
	has example executeMeToo(); /* This is to be ignored and this too */
	has purpose to describe the purpose of each class, method and variable along with any difficult-to-understand statements inside methods, and to indicated any changes to the code
	has syntax '/*' comment '*/' or two slashes '//' indicating that the rest of the line is to be considered a comment
	has syntax /** commentText */ OR /* commentText */ OR // commentText Note: '//' ignores everything to end of line
	is essential to give readers an overview and to help them understand its complexities quickly
	is a kind of syntactic unit
	is a subtopic of Java Basics
	can be written before writing the code
	can precede package statements
	should be between about 20% and 35% of the total length of the code
	should be written to describe each non-obvious variable
	should be written to describe loops and conditional statements inside complex algorithms
	should be written at the head of each non-obvious method describing its function and usage
	should be written at the top of each class
	should describe the purpose of the class, how it should be used, its authors and its history of modification
	should not be about obvious things since they add clutter
company	is a kind of kbTop
compilation	has definition The process of translating higher level code, usually source code (or bytecode) , into lower level code
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
compiler	the compiler creates an output file for each class and interface defined in a source file when the source file is compiled
	the compiler will display an error message and the compiler will refuse to compile the program if you try to assign to a final variable
	the compiler will display an error message and the compiler will refuse to compile the program if you try to instantiate an abstract class
	the compiler will display an error message and the compiler will refuse to compile the program if you try to override a final method
	the compiler will display an error message and the compiler will refuse to compile the program if you try to compile a subclass of a final class
	chooses a constructor based on the number of the actual arguments and the types of the actual arguments
	compiles source code into bytecode
	has definition A program to translate Java source code into code to be executed by a computer
	has purpose to translate source code written in Java into bytecode for the Java virtual machine
	is a kind of application
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is a synonym of Java compiler
	puts compiled code into a class file with the same name as the source file but with extension .class
complex condition	is a kind of condition
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	should be avoided because it is difficult to read
	should be divided into several separate conditions on separate lines
compound expression	has evaluation order based on the precedence of its operand s
	has definition An expression made up of two or more expressions
	has example x * y * z
	is a kind of expression
	is a subtopic of Statements and Expressions
concrete class	has definition A class that can have instances
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is the opposite of abstract class
condition	has definition A condition in Java is a statement that evaluates to a boolean value (true or false)
	has examples aNumber > 5 aNumber < 5 aNumber > 5 && anotherNumber < 7 aNumber == anotherNumber
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
conditional operator	is a synonym of ?:
	is a synonym of logical operator
conditional operator expression	has example //Print the value of change and "minute" or minutes" depending if change equals 1 or not System.out.println((change == 1) ? "minute" : "minutes")
	has syntax (boolean expression) ? if-true expression : if-false expression
	is a kind of expression
	is a subtopic of Statements and Expressions
	produces a value which is the value of the selected expression
conditional statement	is a synonym of decision making statement
constant	has definition A variable with a value that never changes
	has lifetime longer than the existence of an instance of the class
	has name a constant name
	is a kind of variable
	is a subtopic of Constants
	is a synonym of constant variable
	is a synonym of final variable
	can be referenced without the existence of an instance of a class
constant local variable	is a kind of constant
	is a kind of local variable
	is a subtopic of Constants
	is allowed in Java 1.1 and later
	is not allowed in Java 1.0
constant name	has convention the name is written in all capital letters
	has example PI DEBUG PENALTY
	is a kind of variable name
	is a subtopic of Constants
constant that is declared in an interface	is implicitly all of: public static final
	is a kind of constant
	is a subtopic of Constants
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
constant	to declare you use the 'final' keyword
constant variable	is a synonym of constant
Constants	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
constructor	facilitates data abstraction
	has the same name as its class
	has definition A procedure that is called whenever a new object is created
	has example // Example of creation of an account with an initial balance public Account(String accountHolder, float initialBalance) { this.accountHolder = accountHolder; balance = initialBalance; opened = new Date(); } //Example of creation of an account with no initial balance public Account(String accountHolder) { this.accountHolder = accountHolder; balance =0.0; opened = new Date(); }
	has example //Example of constructor for the class Stack public Stack() { items = new Vector(10); }
	has purpose to initialize the instance variables of a newly created object and perform any other needed initialization
	has typically 1 or more arguments that determine some of the values of the variables of the class
	is a kind of access unit
	is a subtopic of Constructors
	is called when the new operator is used to create an instance of a class
	is not a member
	is not a method
	is not inherited by a subclass
	is part of class
	normally calls the zero-parameter constructor in the direct superclass first
	provides a way to initialize a new object
	always have the same name as the class
	can be overloaded using method name overloading
	can call another constructor in the same class, instead of the superclass's zero-parameter constructor, by adding a new statement (as the first statement in the constructor) consisting of the keyword this followed by an argument list
	can call another constructor in the superclass, instead of the superclass's zero-parameter constructor, by adding a new statement (as the first statement in the constructor) consisting of the keyword super followed by an argument list
	can not be called directly
	can not return a value
	can use a constructor of the class's superclass with a super() call
	does not have a return type
	does not have a return type since it does not return a value
	does not return a value
	may have access modifier public or private or protected
constructor with no parameters	is a kind of constructor
	is a subtopic of Constructors
	must be defined if you define a constructor with parameters and you create instances using a constructor with no arguments
Constructors	is a subtopic of Classes and Methods
continue	has purpose to indicate a continue statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	is an instance of keyword
continue statement	causes execution to switch immediately to the next iteration of a loop
	has purpose used within loops to jump to another statement
	is a kind of control flow statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	see also continue
control flow statement	has purpose to control the flow of execution of a program
	is a kind of statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	is a synonym of control statement
control statement	is a synonym of control flow statement
core API	has definition The API included in every full implementation of the Java platform
	has part Java beans
	has part JDBC features
	has part networking features
	has part object serialization features
	has part security features
	has part set of conventions for applets
	has part the Java basic data types
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is an instance of Java API
	is included in every full implementation of the Java platform
core class	has definition A public class (or interface) that is a standard member of the Java Platform
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
creation operator	is a synonym of new operator
current object	has definition The object whose method is currently being called
	is a kind of object
	is a subtopic of Objects
	is referred to by the keyword this
data abstraction	groups the pieces of data that describe some entity, so that programmers can manipulate that data as a unit
	has advantages your programs become easier to read your programs become easier to reuse you can easily augment what a class provides you can easily improve the way that data are stored
	helps a programmer to cope with the complexity of data
	is a kind of abstraction
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
	is facilitated by the use of accessor methods
data member	is a synonym of instance variable
data type	is a synonym of type
datum	is a synonym of value
decision making statement	has purpose to make a decision on which branch of code to follow in a program
	is a kind of control flow statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	is a synonym of conditional statement
declaration	has definition A statement that establishes an identifier and associates attributes with it, without necessarily reserving its storage (for data) or providing the implementation (for methods)
	is a kind of syntactic unit
	is a subtopic of Arrays
	is a subtopic of Classes and Methods
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
	is a subtopic of Objects
	is a subtopic of Packages
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is part of definition
declaration statement	is a synonym of local variable declaration
default access of a class	has definition The access mode of a class that is not declared public; access is limited to the package in which the class was declared
	is a kind of access mode
	is a subtopic of Classes
default access of a method or variable	has definition The access mode of methods or variables that do not have an explicit access modifier; access is limited to objects in the same class (and subclasses in the same package), in the same compilation unit, and in the same package
	is a kind of access mode
	is a subtopic of Access Control
default constructor	has no parameters
	has definition A constructor that is automatically provided by the runtime system for any class that contains no explicit constructors
	is a kind of constructor
	is a subtopic of Constructors
default package	has definition An unnamed package that contains class files whose source files did not contain a package statement
	has purpose storing temporary or small applications
	is a kind of package
	is a subtopic of Packages
	is defined by all the files in current directory
	does not have a name
definition	causes a compiler to set aside memory at compile time
	has definition A statement that reserves storage (for data) or provides implementation (for methods).
	has part declaration
	is a kind of syntactic unit
	is a subtopic of Classes and Methods
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
deprecated method	has definition A method that has been replaced by a different method in a later version of Java
	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of Methods
descendent	has definition A class A is a descendent of class B if it is lower down in the class hierarchy than class B and class B is an ancestor of it
	has definition A class that inherits from another
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
dialog	has definition A specific window with which a user can interact, but which is not the main UI window
	is a kind of window
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
	is a synonym of dialog box
dialog box	is a synonym of dialog
do-while loop	has example int c; Reader in; . . . do { c = in.read(); . . . } while (c != -1);
	has syntax for (entry expression; boolean expression; continuation expression) { //statements to keep executing while boolean expression is true }
	is a kind of loop statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
dot operator	is a synonym of .
double	is a kind of floating point value
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	see also Double class
	stores a double-precision floating-point number
	can use basic arithmetic operators +, -, *, / and %
Double class	has specification
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of wrapper class
	see also double
double^2	contains 64 bits
	has default value +0.0
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of floating point type
	can hold a value between 4.9E-324 and 1.7E308
double^3	has purpose to indicate that a variable is of type double
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of keyword
duplication of code	is a kind of practice
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
	is a synonym of cloning
	can be avoided by creating a common superclass if the duplication occurs in two separate classes
	can be avoided by creating a separate method that has the common code, and calling it from the original location and any other needed locations
	should be avoided because it increases the total volume of code and means that if you change the code in one place, then you might forget to change the code in the other places
dynamic binding	applies to instance methods
	gives power to polymorphism
	has definition A mechanism by which, when the compiler can't determine which method implementation to use in advance, the runtime system (JVM) selects the appropriate method at runtime, based on the class of the object
	has definition The process of binding a call to a particular method. This is performed dynamically at run-time due to the presence of polymorphism
	is a kind of binding
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is a synonym of late binding
	is a synonym of virtual binding
	is needed when the compiler determines that there more than one possible method that could be executed by a particular call
else block	is a kind of block
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	is part of if statement
	can be omitted if there is nothing to do in the false case
encapsulation	allows changes to code to be more easily made since one can be confident that 'outsiders' are not relying on too many details
	has definition Creating a module to contain some algorithm or data structure, thus hiding its details behind the module's interface
	has purpose information hiding
	has purpose modularity
	has purpose to allow users to view an object as a black box that provides services, because objects encapsulate data and implementation.
	helps to achieve information hiding
	is a kind of abstraction mechanism
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
	separates the interface from the implementation of methods
environment	has definition The hardware and software configuration of a computer
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
equals	has specification
	has definition A method that compares two objects for equality
	has example boolean b = aPostalCode.equals(anotherPostalCode);
	has purpose to test whether two objects are equal i.e. they contain the same data, but are not necessarily the same object
	is a subtopic of Example Methods
	is an instance of method that is declared in Object class
	can be overridden
error	has definition An exception that is exempted from compile-time checking because it can occur at many points in the program and recovery from them is difficult or impossible . A Java program declaring such exceptions would be cluttered, pointlessly.
	is a kind of unchecked exception
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
escape character	is a subtopic of Literals
	is an instance of char
	is an instance of character literal
	is denoted by '\'
Example Classes	is a subtopic of Classes
Example Interfaces	is a subtopic of Interfaces
Example Methods	is a subtopic of Methods
Example Packages	is a subtopic of Packages
exception	if an exception is raised in a statement that is not in a try block with an appropriate catch statement then Java looks to see if the caller of the current method is within a try block that has an appropriate catch block if this is not successful, Java looks at callers right up to the main program otherwise Java reports an error if it has not been able to find any suitable catch block
	has definition An event that happens during program execution that prevents the program from continuing normally; generally, an error
	is a kind of object
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
	is partitioned into unchecked exception, checked exception
	is thrown when something goes wrong in the execution of a program
	see also Exception class
Exception class	has specification
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
	is an instance of class
	see also exception
Exception Handling	is a subtopic of kbTop
exception statement	has purpose to handle exceptions
	is a kind of control flow statement
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
exception-handler parameter	is a kind of parameter
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
executable code	has definition Code that can be executed by a computer
	is a kind of code
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
explicit-representation principle	is a kind of principle
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is a subtopic of Programming
	states that whenever there is a natural category with which your program needs to work, there should be a class in your program that corresponds to that category
expression	has definition A series of variables, operators and method calls (constructed according to the syntax of the language) that evaluates to a single value
	has purpose to compute values or to assign to a variable or to control the flow of execution
	has type that is the type of its result
	has value called its result, or its return value
	is a kind of syntactic unit
	is a subtopic of Statements and Expressions
	occurs in a context where a value is required
	performs a computation specified by 0 or more operators
	returns a value from its computation
	can be part of an expression
expression statement	has definition An expression followed by a semicolon
	is a kind of statement
	is a subtopic of Statements and Expressions
extends	if extends is omitted from a class declaration then the class is a subclass of Object class
	has definition A keyword that indicates a class is a subclass of another class or an interface is a subinterface of another interface
	has example //Create a subclass public class MortgageAccount extends Account { // body of the class }
	has purpose to create a subclass
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is an instance of keyword
false	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of boolean
field	is a synonym of instance variable
	is a synonym of member variable
file	has definition A block of information in the form of bytes, stored together on a computer or external digital storage medium, and given a name
	is the smallest unit of source code that can be compiled
	is a kind of kbTop
FileInputStream	has specification
	has example of creation FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStrem(inputFileNameOrPath);
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is a subtopic of Input and Output
	is an instance of class
	is an instance of stream
	is used to read bytes from a file
	permits reading 1 byte at a time
FileOutputStream	has specification
	has example of creation FileOutputStream stream = new FileOutputStrem(outputFileNameOrPath);
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is a subtopic of Input and Output
	is an instance of stream
	is used to write bytes to a file
	permits writing 1 byte at a time
final	has purpose to indicate that a class or method is final
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is an instance of keyword
	modifies classes, methods or variables
final class	has definition A class that cannot have subclasses
	has purpose to increase system security by preventing system subversion
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of Classes
	cannot be abstract
	cannot have a subclass or the compiler will display an error message
	to specify you use the keyword final before the keyword class in the class declaration
final method	has definition A method that cannot be hidden or overridden
	has purpose to increase efficiency by eliminating dynamic method lookup
	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of Methods
	cannot be overridden by any method
final variable	is a synonym of constant
finalize	is a subtopic of Garbage Collection
	is an instance of method that is declared in Object class
	see also finalize method
finalize method	cleans up an object before the object is garbage collected
	has definition A method that is invoked before an object is discarded by the garbage collector, allowing it to clean up its state
	has purpose to clean up an object before the object is garbage collected
	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of Garbage Collection
	see also finalize
finally	has purpose to indicate the finally block of a try-catch-finally statement
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
	is an instance of keyword
finally block	has purpose to clean up internal state or to release non-object resources, such as open files stored in local variables, whether or not an exception has occurred.
	has syntax // a try-catch-finally statement showing the finally block in bold try{ statements } catch (exception_type1 identifier1) { statements } catch (exception_type2 identifier2) { statements ... } finally { statements }
	is a kind of nested block
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
	is part of try-catch-finally statement
float	is a kind of floating point value
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	see also Float class
	see also float^2
	see also float^3
Float class	has specification
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of wrapper class
	see also float
float literal	has example 3.1415927F
	has example of exponents 12e22 19E-95
	is a kind of floating point literal
	is a subtopic of Literals
	is indicated by appending the letter F L (in upper or lower case) to the literal
	can use exponents
float^2	contains 32 bits
	has default value +0.0f
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of floating point type
	see also float
	see also Float class
	see also float^3
	stores a floating point number
	can hold a value between 1.4E-45 and 3.4E+38
	can use basic arithmetic operators +, -, *, / and %
float^3	has purpose to indicate that a variable is of type float
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of keyword
	see also float
	see also Float class
	see also float^2
floating point literal	is a kind of numeric literal
	is a subtopic of Literals
	is considered to be a double automatically
floating point type	has a sign indicating positive or negative
	is a kind of primitive type
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
floating point value	is a kind of primitive value
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	can be compared to an integer without casting
for loop	has advantage all the information about controlling the loop is kept in one place
	has disadvantage it can be slightly harder to read the code of a for loop than a while loop
	has example a is an array of some kind . . . int i; int length = a.length; for (i = 0; i < length; i++) { . . . // do something to the i th element of a . . . }
	has part incrementor
	has part initializer
	has syntax for(initializer; condition; incrementer) { // statements to keep executing while condition is true }
	is a kind of loop statement
	is a kind of loop statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	can be interchanged with a while loop
formal parameter	is a synonym of parameter
fully qualified class name	contains package name
	has example java.lang.String
	is a kind of class name
	is a kind of fully qualified name
	is a subtopic of Packages
fully qualified interface name	is a kind of fully qualified name
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
fully qualified method name	has example java.lang.String.substring
	has syntax packageName.className.methodName
	is a kind of fully qualified name
	is a kind of method name
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is a subtopic of Packages
fully qualified name	the fully qualified name for a member must be used if the member is in a different package and if the member's package has not been imported
	has definition A name that is unambiguous
	is a kind of name
	is a subtopic of Packages
	is a synonym of long name
	see also simple name
	can be used to disambiguate two members of different packages with the same name
fully qualified name of a member of a package	is a kind of fully qualified name
	is a subtopic of Packages
	is the same as the pathname to the file containing the member of a package
fully qualified variable name	is a kind of fully qualified name
	is a kind of variable name
	is a subtopic of Packages
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
function	is a synonym of method
garbage collection	garbage collection is performed when an object is not needed any longer
	has definition A mechanism which checks for objects that are no longer reachable from any executable code and reclaims the space used by them
	is a kind of mechanism
	is a subtopic of Garbage Collection
Garbage Collection	is a subtopic of kbTop
garbage collection	is performed by Java automatically
	takes care of memory management automatically
	can be suggested by the programmer
	cannot be forced by the programmer
get method	has definition A method that returns the value of an instance variable
	has definition A method which returns the state of an object
	is a kind of accessor method
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is a synonym of getter
	is named using "get" in its name by convention
get method name	contains the word "get" by convention
	has example getHours
	is a kind of method name
	is a subtopic of Methods
getClass	has specification
	has example //Returns the name of the class of the object called key String name = key.getClass().getName();
	is a subtopic of Example Methods
	is an instance of final method
	is an instance of method that is declared in Object class
	returns a runtime representation of the class of the object
getter	is a synonym of get method
graphical user interface	has definition An interface that uses graphics, along with a keyboard and a mouse, to provide an easy-to-use interface for users to interact with a program
	is a kind of user interface
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
	is abbreviated as GUI
Graphical User Interfaces	is a subtopic of kbTop
GUI	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
	is an abbreviation for graphical user interface
	is an instance of abbreviation
GUI event object	has definition A common object used in GUI window systems to represent the action of a user pressing a mouse button or a key on the keyboard
	is a kind of object
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
	represents an action of the user
handle	is a synonym of object reference
header	is a synonym of method signature
hexadecimal integer literal	has example 0x12 is the hexadecimal number 12 0xFF is the hexadecimal number FF
	is a kind of integer literal
	is a subtopic of Literals
	is indicated by prepending 0x (zero and x) to the number
hiding	is a synonym of method overriding
hierarchy	has definition An organized tree-like structure of subjects
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
HotJava browser	is a subtopic of Applets
	is an instance of Java-compatible Web browser
HotSpot	has documentation at Sun
	has definition An add-on performance module for the JavaTM 2 SDK
	has features Adaptive compiler Improved garbage collection Thread synchronization
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is an instance of Java Virtual Machine
	is available from Sun
	runs Java programs more quickly
How Java Works	is a subtopic of kbTop
HTML Converter	has documentation at Sun
	has definition An application that converts and existing web page so that all its applets are run by the Java Plug-in
	is a subtopic of Applets
	is an instance of application
	can be downloaded from Sun
HTML tag	has definition A code in an HTML document that may serve various functions such as controlling the styling of text and placement of graphic elements and providing links to interactive programs and scripts.
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Applets
IBM Java tutorials	has URL http://www.ibm.com/java/education/intro/courseoptions.htm
	is a subtopic of References
	is an instance of web site
IBM VisualAge for Java	has URL http://www.ibm.com/visualage/vajava/
	is a subtopic of Java Tools
	is an instance of programming environment
	stores source code in a repository
identity	has definition Unlike primitive values, objects possess a unique identity that makes them distinguishable from one another, even when they are in the same state ; e.g. Two strings, s1="x" and s2=new String(s1), are equal but have different identity, so s1.equals(s2) is true but s1==s2 is false.
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Objects
identity comparison operator	is a kind of operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
if statement	has part boolean expression
	has syntax if (boolean expression) { embedded statement(s) }
	is a kind of decision making statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	can omit braces if there is only one embedded statement
if-else statement	has example int testscore; char grade; if (testscore <= 90) { grade = 'A'; } else if (testscore <= 80) { grade = 'B'; } else { grade = 'C'; }
	has part else block
	has syntax if (boolean expression) { if-true statement else if-false statement }
	is a kind of decision making statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	can omit braces if there is only one embedded statement
implements	has definition A keyword that declares that your class implements one or more interfaces
	has syntax className implements Interface1 (,Interface2, Interface3 ...)
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
	is an instance of keyword
	is used by implements clause in a class that indicates that the class contains methods for each of the operations specified by the interface
implements clause	has example public class AnimatedSign extends javax.swing.JApplet implements Runnable { //... }
	has purpose to indicate that a class implements an interface
	has syntax className implements Interface1 (,Interface2, Interface3 ...)
	indicates that a class contains methods for each of the operations specified by the interface
	is a kind of clause
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
import	has purpose to indicate an import statement
	is a subtopic of Packages
	is an instance of keyword
import declaration	is a synonym of import statement
import statement	has definition A statement that permits using references to other packages without prefixes
	has example //Import the Circle class from the graphics package import graphics.Circle; //Import the entire graphics package import graphics.*;
	has purpose to allow a class to use the facilities of another package
	has syntax import packageName.* OR import packageName.className
	imports 1 member class of a package or imports on demand 0 or more member classes from a package
	is a kind of declaration
	is a kind of statement
	is a subtopic of Packages
	is a synonym of import declaration
	is located after the package statement and before any class or interface definitions
incrementor	has purpose to update a variable set in an initializer
	is a kind of statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	is part of loop
information hiding	has definition Hiding details so as to reduce complexity
	has purpose to allow private information and methods to be changed without affecting other objects to make sure that private information and methods are accessed only through a public interface
	is a kind of mechanism
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
inheritance	has advantages it parallels natural categories it prevents avoidable duplication and simplifies maintenance it avoids introducing bugs into previously debugged code
	has definition A mechanism that enables one class to inherit all the behaviour and attributes of another class
	has definition The acquisition of data (variables) and behaviour (methods) from a parent (superclass) in a hierarchy
	has definition The possession by one class of elements defined in another class, by virtue of the fact that the former class is defined to be a subclass of (to extend) the latter
	has purpose code reuse
	is a kind of mechanism
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
Inheritance	is a subtopic of kbTop
inheritance	occurs automatically once you have defined which classes are superclasses and which classes are their subclasses
initialization block	has purpose to be executed before any method for a class or instance
	is a kind of nested block
	is a subtopic of Classes
initializer	has purpose to set up an initial condition for a loop, often initializing a variable
	is a kind of statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	is part of loop
inner class	has access level private or protected
	has definition A nested class whose instance exists within an instance of its enclosing class and has direct access to the instance members of its enclosing instance
	is a kind of member
	is a kind of nested class
	is a subtopic of Classes
	may be static or not
	may have access modifier private or protected
Input and Output	is a subtopic of Java Basics
input field	is a kind of user interface component
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
instance	is a single member of the set defined by a class
	is a synonym of object
instance initialization block	is a kind of initialization block
	is a subtopic of Classes
instance member	is a kind of member
	is a subtopic of Members
	is partitioned into instance method, instance variable
instance method	has access to every class variable of its class
	has definition A method that executes in the context of a particular object; it has access to the instance variables of the given object, and can refer to the object itself using the 'this' keyword
	has definition Any method that is invoked with respect to an instance of a class
	has example public float credit(float amountToCredit) { balance = balance + amountToCredit; return balance; }
	implements the behaviour of the objects in the class
	is a kind of instance member
	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is part of a class
instance method call	has example aVariable = b.methodName(arguments); where b is the object containing instance method methodName
	is a kind of method call
	is a subtopic of Methods
instance method	can operate on the current object's instance variables
	can refer to the object itself using the 'this' keyword
	may be declared public, protected or private
	should be placed in a class such that there is no needless duplication of it, and such that it is useful in all the subclasses of the class in which it is defined
instance of wrapper class	contains an instance variable of the corresponding primitive data type
	is a kind of object
	is a subtopic of Objects
	see also wrapper class
	uses methods instead of ordinary arithmetic or logical operators
	cannot use ordinary arithmetic or logical operators
instance variable	has definition A data item present in all the instances of a class, normally used to implement associations and attributes
	has definition Any item of data that is associated with a particular object.
	implements an attribute or an association
	is a kind of instance member
	is a kind of member variable
	is a subtopic of Members
	is a synonym of data member
	is a synonym of field
	is a synonym of object variable
	is defined by an instance variable definition
	is part of an object
	maintains part of its object's state
	refers to an object or a primitive
	can be inherited
	can be accessed by all methods of its class
	can be made private to prevent direct access to instance variable - accessor methods should be used instead to protect data abstraction
instance variable definition	has example public int script, acting, directing
	has purpose to define an instance variable
	is a kind of variable definition
	is a subtopic of Members
	does not contain the keyword static
instance variable	should be as private as reasonably possible - almost never make an instance variable public
	should be placed in a class such that there is no needless duplication of it, and such that it is useful in all the subclasses of the class in which it is defined
	to refer you join the name of the variable with a dot to the instance variable name. Example: variableName.instanceVariableName
instanceof operator	has example sylvester instanceOf Dog //returns false fido instanceof Dog //returns true
	has purpose to return true if the instance is either a direct instance of the given class or of a subclass of that class
	is a kind of binary operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
instantiation	has definition The process of creating a new instance of a class
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of Objects
int	is a kind of integer
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	see also int^2
	see also int^3
	see also Integer class
int^2	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of integer^2
	requires 32 bits
	see also int
	see also int^3
	see also Integer class
	can hold a value between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647
	can use basic arithmetic operators +, -, *, / and %
int^3	has purpose to indicate that a variable is of type int
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of keyword
	see also int
	see also int^3
	see also Integer class
integer	has arithmetic operations +, -, *, /, %, &, ~, <<, <<<, >>, >>>, bitwise or, bitwise exclusive or, ++, --
	is a kind of integral value
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	can be compared to a floating point value without casting
Integer class	has specification
	has method parseInt, toHexString
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of wrapper class
	see also int
integer literal	is a kind of numeric literal
	is a subtopic of Literals
integer^2	has a sign indicating positive or negative
	has default value 0
	is a kind of integral type
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
integral type	is a kind of primitive type
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
integral value	is a kind of primitive value
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
interface	defines a set of methods
	has 1 fully qualified name that includes its package name
	has 1 simple name that does not include its package name
	has definition A named collection of method declarations (without implementations), may also include constant declarations (variables marked static and final)
	has definition In Java, a software module containing a description of a set of operations that certain classes must implement
	has example public interface Drawable { public abstract Image drawImage(); public abstract Image drawImage(int height, int width); public abstract Image drawBlackAndWhiteImage(int height, int width); }
	has part interface definition
	has purpose to capture similarities between unrelated classes without artificially forcing a class relationship to declare methods that one or more classes are expected to implement to let you define a protocol of behaviour that can be implemented by any class anywhere in the class hierarchy to reveal an object's programming interface without revealing its class
	has syntax public interface InterfaceName extends SuperInterfaces { InterfaceBody }
	inherits all constants and methods from its superinterfaces unless the interface hides a constant with the same name or the interface redeclares a method with a new method declaration
	is abstract by definition - the modifier is optional in the declaration
	is like a class except that it does not have any executable statements - it only contains abstract methods and class variables
	is a kind of access unit
	is a kind of specification
	is a member of the default package unless its source file contains a package statement
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
	is a synonym of abstract data type
	is compiled by the Java compiler into a .class file
	is implemented by 1 or more class
	is only accessible to classes that are defined in the same package unless the interface is public
	provides many of the same benefits as multiple inheritance
interface body	has definition One of two parts of an interface definition (the other part is the interface declaration)
	has part constant declarations and method declarations
	has purpose to specify the constant declarations and method declarations of an interface
	is a kind of body
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
	is part of 1 interface definition
interface	can contain abstract methods
	can extend 1 or more interfaces
	cannot have any concrete methods or instance variables
interface declaration	declares the interface's name 0 or 1 access modifiers for the interface 0 or more superinterfaces
	has example public class AnimatedSign extends javax.swing.JApplet
	has purpose to declare an interface
	has syntax public interface interfaceName extends superInterfaces
	is a kind of declaration
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
	is part of 1 interface definition
interface definition	has example public interface Drawable { public abstract Image drawImage(); public abstract Image drawImage(int height, int width); public abstract Image drawBlackAndWhiteImage(int height, int width); }
	has part interface declaration, interface body
	has purpose to define an interface
	has syntax public interface InterfaceName extends SuperInterfaces { InterfaceBody }
	is a kind of definition
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
interface hierarchy	has definition A hierarchy of interfaces
	is a kind of hierarchy
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
	is not the same as class hierarchy
interface	may have 1 or more superinterfaces
	may have access modifier public, or none
	should be a member of 1 named package
interface type	is a kind of reference type
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
interface^2	has definition A Java language keyword used to define a collection of method definitions and constant values
	has purpose to indicate an interface definition
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
	is an instance of keyword
	see also interface
Interfaces	is a subtopic of kbTop
invocation	has definition The process of calling a method , i.e., executing its body, passing arguments to be associated with the method's formal parameters.
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of Methods
is-a versus has-a principle	is a kind of principle
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
	states that if you find yourself using the phrase "an X is a Y" when describing the relation between two classes, then the first class is a subclass of the second; if you find yourself using "X has a Y", then instance of the second class appear as parts of instances of the first class
isa rule	is a subtopic of Classes
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
	is an instance of rule
	states that class A can only be a valid subclass of class B if it makes sense, in English, to say, "an A is a B"
isDigit	has specification
	has example // tests if a Character is a digit boolean b = Character.isDigit(aChar);
	has purpose to test if a Character is a digit
	is a member of the wrapper class Character class
	is a subtopic of Example Methods
	is an instance of class method
Iterator	has example //counts the number of empty strings in a collection of strings emptyCount = 0; Iterator i = aCollection.iterator(); while(i.hasNext()) { if(((String)i.next()).length()==0) emptyCount++; }
	has remove method that allows you to selectively delete elements of the underlying collection
	is a subtopic of Example Interfaces
	is an instance of interface
JApplet	enables class to use Swing components
	has specification
	is a subclass of Applet class
	is a subtopic of Applets
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is an instance of class
	is part of Java 2
jar	has documentation at Sun
	has definition A tool included in the SDK that can pack files into Java Archive files as well as unpack them
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is a synonym of Java Archive Tool
	is an instance of Java development tool
jar file	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is an abbreviation for Java Archive file
	is an instance of abbreviation
Java	adopted many ideas from Smalltalk
	contains extensive on-line documentation about each class and method
	has much the same syntax as C
	has definition An object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems
	has feature single inheritance
	has feature very easy-to-program networking capabilities
	has order of operator precedence
	is case sensitive distributed dynamic high-performance interpreted multithreaded object-oriented portable robust secure simple
	is architecture-neutral
	is easier to program than C++
	is less efficient than C and C++ because it contains safety because it contains safety checks that slow down execution and because Java is interpreted which is slower than direct execution of machine code
	is a kind of object-oriented programming language
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
	is interpreted by the Java interpreter
	is not the same as JavaScript
	is run using a virtual machine
	supports method name overloading
	supports multiple interface inheritance
	treats all sequences of whitespace characters - other than those in strings - as though there were just a single space
	uses Unicode
	was first designed for embedded electronic devices
	was originally called Oak
	will not allow violations of certain security constraints when programs are downloaded over the Internet
Java 1.0	is available in almost all Web browsers
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
	is an instance of Java
	was the first release of Java
	was released in 1995
Java 1.1	has features improvements to the user interface rewritten event handling JavaBeans
	is available in later versions of Web browsers
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
	is an instance of Java
	was released in 1997
Java 1.2	is a synonym of Java 2
Java 2	is a kind of Java
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
	is a synonym of Java 1.2
Java 2 with SDK 1.2	has features redesigned graphical user interface features database connectivity
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
	is an instance of Java 2
	was released in 1998
Java 2 with SDK 1.3	has specification
	has features improved multimedia more accessibility faster compilation HotSpot enhanced support for sound new Swing features
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
	is an instance of Java 2
	is available from Sun
	was released in 2000
Java API	has definition A large collection of ready-made software components that provide many useful capabilities, such as graphical user interface ( GUI ) widgets
	insulates a program from hardware dependencies
	is a kind of Application Programming Interface
	is a kind of collection of software components
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is grouped into 1 or more libraries
	is part of the Java platform
Java API Document Generator	is a synonym of javadoc
Java applet	is a synonym of applet
Java application	is a synonym of application
Java application launcher	is a synonym of Java interpreter
Java Archive file	contains class files and a manifest file
	has advantage when an applet is run, only one file needs to be downloaded from the web server instead of separate files for each class, image, audio file needed by the applet
	has definition A collection of Java classes and other files packaged into a single file
	has purpose to consolidate class files into a single file for more compact storage , distribution , and transmission
	is a kind of file
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is abbreviated as jar file
	is created using the jar tool
	is supported by versions 4.0 and higher of Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer
	may be compressed
Java Archive Tool	is a synonym of jar
Java at Sun	has URL http://java.sun.com
	is a subtopic of References
	is an instance of web site
Java Basics	is a subtopic of kbTop
Java Bean	is a kind of user interface component
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
Java compiler	is a synonym of compiler
Java Debugger	has documentation at Sun
	has tutorial
	has definition A command line debugger for Java classes
	is a subtopic of Java Tools
	is abbreviated as jdb
	is an instance of Java development tool
Java Development Kit	has definition A comprehensive set of tools, utilities, documentation and sample code for developing programs
	has part Java interpreter
	has part Java compiler
	has part JRE
	is a kind of Java development tool
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
	is abbreviated as JDK
	is available from Sun
	manages source files and class files for programs
	uses hierarchical files systems to manage source files and class files
	was renamed to Software Development Kit after JDK 1.1
Java development tool	has purpose to assist a programmer in preparing, debugging and executing Java programs
	is a kind of tool
	is a subtopic of Java Tools
Java	does not execute the next line of code in the program if an exception is thrown and Java looks for some code to handle the exception and executes that instead
	does not have features macros multiple inheritance operator overloading pointer arithmetic
	does not let programmers follow a invalid pointer refer to information beyond the end of an array
	does not support global functions global variables
Java Gently: Programming Principles Explained	has author Judith Bishop
	has ISBN number 0-201-71050-1
	is a subtopic of References
	is an instance of book
	was published by Addison-Wesley
	was published in 2001
Java History and Related Languages	is a subtopic of kbTop
Java interpreter	when the Java interpreter executes an application first it calls the main method
	decodes bytecode for the Java virtual machine
	has documentation at Sun
	has definition A module that alternately decodes and executes every statement in some body of code
	has example of running java HelloWorld
	has purpose to execute bytecode for the Java virtual machine
	invokes the main method of the class that you specify
	is a kind of Java development tool
	is a kind of Java program
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is a synonym of Java application launcher
	is part of an implementation of the Java Virtual Machine
	is part of runtime system
	can be part of Java development tool
	can be part of Java-compatible Web browser
	to run you type java and the class file name (without its extension) on the command line
Java platform	has part a Java API
	has part a Java Virtual Machine
	has part software
	has purpose to run a Java program
	is a kind of platform
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	can be ported onto various hardware platforms because it does not contain hardware
Java Plug-in	has documentation at Sun
	has definition A free browser add-on that supports the latest version of Java
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is an instance of Java interpreter
	requires that the user has installed the Java Plug-in the web page containing the applet must have HTML code that directs the Java Plug-in to run the applet
	supports Java 2
	was originally called the Java Activator
	can be downloaded from Sun
Java program	has 0 or 1 name
	has definition A collection of 1 or more classes that work together and is started either by the operating system or a browser running it
	is portable because it is compiled into bytecode that can run on any computer with a Java Virtual Machine
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is a synonym of program
	is executed by a Java Virtual Machine
	is partitioned into applet, application
	is usually slower than native code
	runs on a Java platform
	can be compiled on any platform that has a Java compiler
	can be run on any implementation of the Java Virtual Machine specification
	must be readable by humans
	should follow consistent guidelines that make the program easy to read
	to run you may need platform-specific instructions
	to run you type java and the class file name on the command line
Java Runtime Environment	contains an implementation of the Java virtual machine, the Java platform core classes, and supporting files
	has documentation
	has definition The runtime part of the Java Development Kit
	is the smallest set of executables and files that constitute the standard Java platform
	is a kind of Java platform
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is abbreviated as JRE
	is available from Sun
	is part of the Java Development Kit
Java Tools	is a subtopic of kbTop
Java Virtual Machine	allows an application to have multiple threads of execution running concurrently
	chooses a constructor based on the number of the actual arguments and the types of the actual arguments
	has specification
	has definition A program that implements the theoretical concept of the Java Virtual Machine
	has definition An architecture-neutral and portable language platform of Java
	has purpose to interpret bytecode and make the appropriate system-level calls to the native platform
	insulates a program from hardware dependencies
	is machine-specific
	is a kind of virtual machine
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is abbreviated as Java VM
	is part of runtime system
	performs just-in-time compilation
	performs run-time error checking
	can be implemented in hardware or software
Java VM	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is an abbreviation for Java Virtual Machine
	is an instance of abbreviation
Java-compatible Web browser	executes any Java applet
	has definition A Web browser that can display Java applets
	has part a Java interpreter
	is a kind of Web browser
	is a subtopic of Applets
	can view an applet
java.applet	contains applet classes
	has specification
	has definition A package that contains applet classes
	is a subtopic of Applets
	is a subtopic of Example Packages
	is an instance of package
java.awt	contains GUI widget classes
	has specification
	has definition A package that contains GUI widget classes
	is operating-system independent; a program using it will run under any operating system without changes
	is a subtopic of Example Packages
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
	is an instance of package
	is part of Java's application programming interface
java.awt.event	has specification
	is operating-system independent; a program using it will run under any operating system without changes
	is a subtopic of Example Packages
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
	is an instance of package
	is part of Java's application programming interface
java.awt.swing	has been renamed to javax.swing in Swing 1.1 (for JDK 1.1) and for the core package in JDK 1.2
	is operating-system independent; a program using it will run under any operating system without changes
	is a subtopic of Example Packages
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
	is an instance of package
	was introduced in Java 2
java.io	contains input and output classes
	has specification
	has definition A package that contains input and output classes
	is a subtopic of Example Packages
	is a subtopic of Input and Output
	is an instance of package
	must be imported when you are using file input or file output streams
java.lang	has specification
	is the only package that all classes automatically have access to
	is a subtopic of Example Packages
	is a subtopic of Java Basics
	is an instance of package
	is imported automatically by the runtime system
java.util	contains utilities including the Vector class
	has specification
	is a subtopic of Example Packages
	is a subtopic of Java Basics
	is an instance of package
javac	has documentation at Sun
	has documentation at Sun
	has example of use javac Demonstrate.java
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is an instance of compiler
	is an instance of Java development tool
	to run you type javac and the source file name with its extension on the command line
javadoc	has purpose documenting Java programs
	is a subtopic of Java Tools
	is a synonym of Java API Document Generator
	is an instance of Java program
Javadoc pages	has URL http://java.sun.com/javadoc
	is a subtopic of Java Tools
	is an instance of web site
JavaScript	has purpose to add functionality to web pages
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
	is an instance of scripting language
	is not the same as Java
	shares many of the same keywords with Java
	shares much of the same syntax with Java
JavaWorld	has URL http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld
	is a subtopic of References
	is an instance of web site
javax.swing	is a subtopic of Example Packages
	is an instance of package
	is part of Java's application programming interface
	provides a set of "lightweight" (all-Java language) components that, to the maximum degree possible, work the same on all platforms
	was called java.awt.swing in Java 1.1
jdb	is a subtopic of Java Tools
	is an abbreviation of Java Debugger
	is an instance of abbreviation
JDK	is a subtopic of Java Tools
	is an abbreviation for Java Development Kit
	is an instance of abbreviation
JIT compiler	has definition A compiler that converts all of the bytecode into native machine code just as a program is run
	has purpose to improve run-time speed over code that is interpreted by a Java virtual machine
	is a kind of compiler
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is a synonym of Just-in-time compiler
	is part of an implementation of the Java Virtual Machine specification
JITC	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is an abbreviation for just-in-time compilation
	is an instance of abbreviation
join	has purpose to direct a program to wait for a thread to finish its work
	has syntax thread.join(0) The argument specifies the time in milliseconds the program is to wait. 0 means the program will wait as long as necessary
	is a member of Thread class
	is a subtopic of Threads
	is an instance of instance method
JRE	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is an abbreviation for Java Runtime Environment
	is an instance of abbreviation
just-in-time compilation	has definition A kind of compilation that converts a method into machine code the first time it is executed and stores the machine code to save work on subsequent calls
	is a kind of compilation
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is abbreviated as JITC
Just-in-time compiler	is a synonym of JIT compiler
keyboard event	is a kind of GUI event object
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
	represents the user pressing a key on the keyboard
keyword	has definition A word that has special meaning in Java
	is a kind of syntactic unit
label statement	has purpose to mark a particular line of code
	has syntax labelName: lineOfCode;
	is a kind of control flow statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
labelled break statement	has example //Without the label the break statement would exit the inner loop and resume execution with the outer loop out: for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { while (x < 50) { if (i * x++ > 400) { break out; } //inner loop here } //outer loop here }
	is a kind of break statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
labelled continue statement	continues at the next iteration of the labeled loop
	has example public int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex) { char[] v1 = value; char[] v2 = str.value; int max = offset + (count - str.count); test: for (int i = offset + ((fromIndex < 0) ? 0 : fromIndex); i <= max ; i++) { int n = str.count; int j = i; int k = str.offset; while (n-- != 0) { if (v1[j++] != v2[k++]) { continue test; } } return i - offset; } return -1; }
	is a kind of continue statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
late binding	is a synonym of dynamic binding
leaf class	has definition A class at the very bottom of an inheritance hierarchy
	is a kind of concrete class
	is a subtopic of Classes
lightweight process	is a synonym of thread
line feed character	is a subtopic of Constants
	is an instance of char
	is an instance of character literal
	is denoted by '\n'
LinkedList	has specification
	is less efficient than ArrayList and Vector class for operations such as extracting an arbitrary element
	is more efficient than ArrayList and Vector class for operations such as inserting an element in the middle
	is a subtopic of Collections
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is an instance of collection class
literal	has definition A value that appears explicitly in a program
	is a kind of symbol
	is a subtopic of Literals
literal string	is a synonym of string literal
Literals	is a subtopic of Java Basics
	is a subtopic of Java Basics
local variable	has a lifetime which is the time of one execution of its block
	has definition A data item known within a block but inaccessible to code outside the block
	has definition A variable that is declared in a method
	is a kind of variable
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	can be declared anywhere in a method
	can be initialized by an assignment statement
local variable declaration	is a kind of variable declaration of a local variable
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is a synonym of declaration statement
	is a synonym of local variable declaration statement
local variable declaration statement	is a synonym of local variable declaration
logical operator	has purpose to perform operations on boolean operand(s)
	is a kind of operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is a synonym of boolean operator
	is a synonym of conditional operator
	returns a boolean
long	is a kind of integer
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	see also long^2
	see also long^3
long integer literal	has example 4L
	is a kind of integer literal
	is a subtopic of Literals
	is indicated by putting the letter L (in upper or lower case) after the number
long method	contains more than 20 lines of code
	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of Methods
	should be avoided
	should be divided into shorter methods
long name	is a synonym of fully qualified name
long statement	is a kind of statement
	is a subtopic of Statements and Expressions
	should be divided into multiple lines such that the second and subsequent lines begin with an operator and are indented
long^2	has default value 0
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of integer^2
	requires 64 bits
	see also long
	see also long^3
	stores an integer
	can hold a value between -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
long^3	has purpose to indicate that a variable is of type long
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of keyword
	see also long
	see also long^2
look-it-up principle	is a kind of principle
	is a subtopic of Programming
	states that a program should look up a frequently needed answer, rather than computing that answer, whenever practicable
loop statement	has purpose to execute a section of code more than once
	is a kind of control flow statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
Loops and Decision Making	is a subtopic of kbTop
main class	has definition The class which contains the main method and whose name is specified as an argument to the Java interpreter
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of Classes
main method	calls other methods to run an application
	has main method signature
	has definition A method that is initially executed in an application
	has method signature public static void main(String[] args)
	is the first method called when the Java interpreter executes an application
	is the starting point for an application
	is a kind of class method
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is part of a class
	is similar to a main function in C
	must be public and static and void
	must have one argument of type String[]
main method signature	has syntax public static void main(String[] arguments) { // body of method }
	is a kind of method signature
	is a subtopic of Methods
	see also main method
Math	contains built-in class methods: log(a) - natural logarithm of a abs(a) - absolute value of a max(a,b) - maximum of a and b pow(a,b) - a to the bth power sin(a) - sin of a radians random() - a random number between 0.0 and 1.0
	has specification
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is an instance of class
mechanism	is a kind of kbTop
member	has definition A field (instance variable) or method of a class
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Members
	is partitioned into instance member, class member
	is partitioned into member variable, method, inner class
member function	is a synonym of method
member of a package	has definition A class or interface belonging to a package
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Packages
	to import you put an import statement for it at the beginning of your file before any class or interface definitions but after a package statement
member variable	is a kind of member
	is a kind of variable
	is a member of a class or an object
	is a synonym of field
	is accessible to the code in its class
	is partitioned into class variable, instance variable
	can be declared anywhere in a class outside of a method
	can be initialized by an assignment statement
member variable in an interface	is a kind of member variable
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
	must be static and final
Members	is a subtopic of Classes and Methods
menu	is a kind of user interface component
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
message	has definition A means of communication between objects
	has part 0 or more parameters needed by the method
	has part the name of the method to perform
	has part the object to whom the message is addressed
	has purpose to communicate between objects
	has purpose to request that the receiving object perform a method
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Methods
method	if a method is declared with the same method signature as a method in a superclass then this method overrides the method with the same method signature in the superclass
	if a method may throw a checked expression then the method must have a throws clause that mentions the class of that exception or one of the superclasses of the class of that exception
	when a method is called a piece of memory is allocated for every parameter
	when a method is called and the method's parameter is a primitive type then the memory allocated for that parameter holds a copy of the parameter itself
	when a method is called and the method's parameter is a reference type then the memory allocated for that parameter holds a copy of the address of the argument
	belongs to a class
	creates an object by instantiating a class
	has definition A concrete implementation of an operation; a procedure in a class
	has definition A function defined in a class
	has definition A procedural abstraction used to implement the behaviour of a class
	has definition Code that specifies some of the behaviour of a class or instance
	has part a block of implementation code
	has part method definition
	has part method signature
	implements the behaviour of an object or the behaviour of a class
	is equivalent to the terms "function member" or "member function" which are used in C++
	is equivalent to the terms "routine", "function" or "method" which are used in non object-oriented programming languages
	is a kind of access unit
	is a kind of member
	is a kind of specification
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is a synonym of function
	is a synonym of member function
	is part of a class or an object
	is partitioned into static method, instance method
	overrides a method in a superclass with the same name
	returns a value that is of the return type of the method or a subtype of that type
method body	has definition One of two parts of an method definition (the other part is the method declaration)
	has purpose to specify the constant declarations and variable declarations of a method
	is a kind of body
	is a subtopic of Methods
	can contain 0 or more local variable declaration
method call	is a kind of expression statement
	is a subtopic of Methods
	can omit the name of the class that the called method belongs to if it is being called from within the same class
method	can access all instance variables of all objects of its class
	can be inherited by subclasses of its class
	can be accessed by other methods and variables in any class in the same package by default
	can have an array as a parameter - see method parameter
	can use the super method to invoke a method declared in the superclass
	cannot be passed as an argument to a method or constructor
method declaration	defines the method
	has example int[] makeRange(int lower, int upper)
	has purpose to declare a method
	has syntax accessLevel static abstract final native synchronized returnType methodName (parameterList) throws exceptions
	is a kind of declaration
	is a subtopic of Methods
method declared in an interface	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of Interfaces
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is implicitly public and abstract
	may not be static
method declared without an access modifier	is a kind of method
	can be declared more private in a subclass
method definition	has example int[] makeRange(int lower int upper) { //body of this method }
	has part the name of the method a list of parameters the type of object or primitive type returned by the method the body of the method
	has purpose to define a method
	has syntax accessLevel static abstract final native synchronized returnType methodName (parameterList) throws exceptions { MethodBody }
	is a kind of definition
	is a subtopic of Methods
	does not have to occur before calls to that method
method	does not return a value if it has a void return type
	may contain empty return statement if it has a void return type
	may have access modifier public or private or protected
	must contain return statement unless it has a void return type
	must define its parameter list
	must define its return type
method name	is a kind of name
	is a subtopic of Methods
	can be the same as another method's name in another class
	can be the same as another method's name in the same class if they each have a different arrangement of parameter types
method name of overriding method	is a kind of method name
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is the same as method name of the overridden method
method name overloading	has definition A mechanism that allows several methods to have the same name as long as they have different method signatures
	has example // Two methods have the same name and the same number of parameters // but different parameter types public String eats(Cat aCat) { return "mice"; } public String eats(Dog aDog) { return "bones"; }
	is a kind of mechanism
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is a synonym of method overloading
	makes it possible for methods to behave differently depending on the arguments they receive
	does not consider the return type when differentiating between overloaded methods
method overloading	is a synonym of method name overloading
method overriding	has benefit that a class can inherit from a superclass whose behaviour is "close enough" and then override some methods as needed
	has definition The process of providing a more specialized implementation for the method
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is a synonym of hiding
	is a synonym of overriding
	is a synonym of overshadowing
	is a synonym of shadowing
	occurs when two methods with the same name, the same number of parameters, and the same parameter types are defined in different classes, one of which is a superclass of the other
method parameter	if a method parameter is an array then you include square brackets after the parameter type specification
	has example //Example of 2 method parameters, one integer and one array, shown in bold public static Movie[] readData(int number, Movie[] movies) { ... }
	has purpose to pass values into methods
	hides instance variable of the class
	is a kind of parameter
	is a subtopic of Methods
method	should be as private as possible
	should have a comment at its head if the method is non-obvious
	should not be public except for those that will definitely need to be called from outside the package
	should return to its caller from only one place which should be the last statement
method signature	has definition The method's name and the number of its parameters and the types of its parameters
	has purpose to indicate the method's name and the number of its parameters and the types of its parameters
	has syntax methodName (parameter1Type parameter1 ...)
	is a kind of syntactic unit
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is a synonym of header
method that is declared in Object class	is a kind of instance method
	is a subtopic of Methods
method	usually hides instance variables, class variables from other objects
Methods	is a subtopic of Classes and Methods
Microsoft	has URL: www.microsoft.com
	is a kind of company
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
Microsoft Internet Explorer	is a subtopic of Applets
	is an instance of Java-compatible Web browser
Microsoft Java tools	has URL http://microsoft.com/java
	is a subtopic of Java Tools
	is an instance of programming environment
modal dialog	has definition A dialog that the user must dismiss before interacting with any other window. While in the modal dialog, the system is in a very restrictive mode
	is a kind of dialog
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
modular program	has definition A program divided into units that can be developed and maintained independently
	is a kind of Java program
	is a subtopic of Programming
modularity	has purpose source code for an class can be written and maintained independently of the source code for other classes
	is a benefit of object-oriented programming
	is a kind of abstraction mechanism
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
modularity principle	is a kind of principle
	is a subtopic of Programming
	states that you should divide your programs into units that you can develop and maintain independently
mouse event	is a kind of GUI event object
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
	represents the user clicking the mouse
multidimensional array	has example An array of the days of the year grouped into weeks int[][] dayValue = new int[52][7]
	is a kind of array
	is a subtopic of Arrays
	is created by declaring an array of arrays
multiple inheritance	has definition Inheritance from more than one superclass
	is a kind of inheritance
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
	can result in more complex systems than single inheritance
	should be avoided if possible
multithreading	has benefit it improves the interactive performance of graphical applications for the user
	has definition A mechanism that provides support for multiple threads of execution to run concurrently within a program without interfering with each other
	is a kind of mechanism
	is a subtopic of Threads
	see also thread
mutator	is a synonym of set method
name	is a kind of symbol
	is made up of a sequence of Unicode characters
	is partitioned into fully qualified name, simple name
	cannot be a keyword
name of a constructor	is a kind of name
	is a subtopic of Constructors
	is the same as the name of its class
name space	includes the names in the file's own package plus the names in all imported packages
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Packages
named constant	has definition A constant that has a name
	is a kind of constant
	is a subtopic of Constants
named object reference	has a name which is a variable name or a literal
	is a kind of object reference
	is a subtopic of Objects
native	has definition A keyword that indicates that the method code is not written in Java
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is an instance of keyword
	modifies method declaration
need-to-know principle	is a kind of principle
	is a subtopic of Programming
	states that you should restrict access to your classes to the instance variables and methods in public interfaces so that you can revise and improve the other instance variables and methods without worrying about whether other programmers have already come to depend on them
nested block	has definition A block that is nested inside another block
	is a kind of block
	is a subtopic of Statements and Expressions
	should be indented carefully
nested class	has definition A class that is a member of another class
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of Classes
nested if statement	has example if (operation == '+') add(object1,object2); else if (operation == '-') subtract(object1,object2); else if (operation == '*') multiply(object1,object2); else if (operation == '/') divide(object1,object2);
	is a kind of if statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	may contain an if statement or an if-else statement as its embedded statement
nested if-else statement	has example if (length < 10) { System.out.println("Small"); } else { if (length < 20){ System.out.println("Medium"); } else { System.out.println("Large"); } }
	is a kind of if-else statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	may contain an if statement or an if-else statement as its embedded statements
Netscape	has URL: www.netscape.com
	is a kind of company
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
Netscape Navigator	is a subtopic of Applets
	is an instance of Java-compatible Web browser
new	is a subtopic of Objects
	is an instance of keyword
	see also new operator
new expression	has example new(Person)
	is a kind of object creation expression
	is a subtopic of Objects
new operator	causes a new instance of the given class is created memory is allocated for it a constructor is called
	has definition An operator that creates a new object (allocates space for it).
	has example Rectangle rect = new Rectangle();
	has purpose to create a new object
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is a synonym of creation operator
	is an instance of operator
	see also new
no-duplication principle	is a kind of principle
	is a subtopic of Programming
	states that instance variables and instance methods should be distributed among class definitions to ensure that there is no needless duplication, otherwise duplicate copies are bound to become gratuitously different
non-modal dialog	has definition A separate window that the user can choose to interact with, but does not have to
	is a kind of dialog
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
non-primitive type	is a synonym of reference type
notify	has specification
	is a subtopic of Example Methods
	is an instance of method that is declared in Object class
notifyAll	has specification
	is a subtopic of Example Methods
	is an instance of method that is declared in Object class
null	is a kind of named object reference
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	represents an invalid or uncreated object
null character	is the default value of a character variable
	is a subtopic of Constants
	is an instance of char
	is an instance of character literal
	is denoted by '\u000'
null	does not have a type
Number class	has specification
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is an instance of abstract class
numeric expression	has example x + y
	is a kind of expression
	is a subtopic of Statements and Expressions
	is a synonym of arithmetic expression
numeric literal	has example 16.7
	is a kind of literal
	is a subtopic of Literals
object	when an object is created the object's variables are set to default values the constructor of the object's superclass is invoked the object's initialization block is invoked the object's constructor is invoked
	object is not cloneable unless you implement the Cloneable interface and you override the clone method for the object's class
	when an object is created then the runtime system creates space for each of the object's instance variables
	when an object is not needed any longer the object's space is garbage collected
	communicates with other objects by sending and receiving messages
	has 0 or more instance variables
	has 0 or more methods called instance methods
	has behaviour that is specified by its methods
	has state that is maintained in its variables
	has definition A data element in an object-oriented system, which has its own identity, belongs to a particular class, and has behaviour and properties
	has definition A piece of memory that holds data in instance variables and a pointer to its class
	has definition A software bundle of variables and related methods
	has example of creation String name = new String();
	has part public interface
	hides methods from other objects using the 'private' keyword
	inherits instance methods and instance variables from the class to which it belongs all that class's superclasses
	is distinct from every other object even if they contain the same data
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Objects
	is a synonym of instance
	is created by declaring and initializing it such that it is created whenever execution enters a particular block, or, in the case of an instance variable, when an instance is created, for example: String aString = "some text"; or by declaring it and initializing it later using the new operator, for example: String aString; aString = new String("some text");
	shares every instance method of its class with the other instances of its class
	shares its implementation with other instances of its class
	shares one copy of each class variable of its class with the other instances of its class
	can access all instance variables of all objects of its class
	can be encapsulated by providing accessor methods
	can be converted into a string using the toString method
	can be referred to by several different variables at the same time
	can be referred to without reference to the instance variables contained in it
	can communicate with every object to which it has access through its public interface
	can convert itself to a string representation using the toString method
	can model a real-world object or an abstract concept
	can notify other objects that a condition variable has changed
	can receive messages from objects in the same process objects in different processes objects on the same machine objects on different machines
	can represent any entity to which you can associate properties and behaviour
	can return its class using the getClass method
	can send messages to objects in the same process objects in different processes objects on the same machine objects on different machines
	can wait on 0 or more condition variables
Object class	has no superclass because it is at the top of the class hierarchy
	has specification
	has definition A class that is at the top of the class hierarchy
	implements some of the behaviour that every class in the Java system needs
	is the most general of all classes
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is a subtopic of Objects
	is an instance of class
	is defined in java.lang
object creation expression	has definition An expression that creates a new object
	has purpose to create a new object
	is a kind of expression
	is a subtopic of Objects
object creation statement	is a kind of expression statement
	is a subtopic of Objects
object declaration	has example Rectangle rect;
	has purpose to declare an object, without actually creating it
	has syntax type name where type may be the name of a class or an interface
	is a kind of declaration
	is a subtopic of Objects
	does not create a new object
Object Oriented Programming	is a subtopic of kbTop
object reference	has definition A variable that refers to an object
	has purpose to refer to an object indirectly so the object may be moved or reclaimed
	is a key into the object table
	is a label for a chunk of memory that holds the memory address for a chunk of memory that holds and instance
	is a kind of pointer
	is a subtopic of Objects
	is a synonym of handle
	is a synonym of reference
	is not accessible to the programmer except for the equals method
	to cascade you prepend a class or package names to a reference with the character '.'
object serialization	has definition The ability to write the complete state of an object (including any objects it refers to) to an output stream, and then recreate that object at some later time by reading its serialized state from an input stream
	is a kind of mechanism
	is a subtopic of Object Serialization
Object Serialization	is a subtopic of Objects
object table	has definition A table that maps object handles to actual addresses
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
object tag	has the same attributes as the applet tag
	has example <OBJECT CODE="Bix.class" CODEBASE="http:///www.prefect/com/javaclasses" HEIGHT=40 WIDTH=400"> </OBJECT>
	has purpose to add programs and other external elements to a Web page
	is a kind of HTML tag
	is a subtopic of Applets
	is supported by Netscape Navigator 4.0 and later Internet Explorer 4.0 and later appletviewer as of 2000
object	to create you use the new operator
object variable	is a synonym of instance variable
object-oriented paradigm	has definition An approach to software design and programming in which software is primarily thought of as a collection of classes that each have responsibilities for various operations, and which are instantiated at run time to create objects
	has feature polymorphism
	has fundamental units objects
	is a kind of paradigm
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
	organizes code into classes that each contain procedures for manipulating instances of that class alone
object-oriented programming	has definition A way of conceptualizing a computer program as a set of separate objects that interact with each other
	is a kind of programming
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
	mirrors the way objects are assembled in the physical world
object-oriented programming language	has definition A programming language in which each data item with the operations used on it is designated as an object; the routines used to operate on the data item are called methods; and objects are grouped in a hierarchy of classes, with each class inheriting characteristics from the class above it
	has features Identity: The language must allow a programmer to refer to an object without having to refer to the instance variables contained in the object. Every object has a unique identity; therefore objects that contain instance variables with the same values must be recognized as different objects Classes: The programmer must be able to organize the code into classes, each of which describes the structure and function of a set of objects Inheritance: There has to be a mechanism to organize these classes into inheritance hierarchies, where features inherit from superclasses to subclasses Polymorphism: There has to be a mechanism by which several methods, in related classes, can have the same name and implement the same abstract operation. There must consequently be a dynamic binding mechanism that allows the choice of which method to run to be made during execution of the program
	has features abstraction, modularity and encapsulation
	is a kind of programming language
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
Objective-C	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
	is an instance of object-oriented programming language
Objects	is a subtopic of kbTop
Objects Have Class!: An Introduction to Programming in Java	has author David A. Poplawski
	has ISBN number 0-07-242340-4
	is a subtopic of References
	is an instance of book
	was published by McGraw Hill
	was published in 2001
octal integer literal	has example 0777 is the octal number 777
	is a kind of integer literal
	is a subtopic of Literals
	is indicated by prepending a zero (0) to the number
OO	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
	is an abbreviation for object oriented
	is an instance of abbreviation
OOP	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
	is an abbreviation for object-oriented programming
	is an instance of abbreviation
operand	has definition An input to an operator
	is a kind of variable
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is a synonym of argument of an operator
operation	has definition a higher-level procedural abstraction than a method: It is used to discuss and specify a type of behaviour, independently of any code which implements that behaviour
	is a kind of kbTop
operator	evaluates to its result
	has precedence
	has definition A built-in method that works on inputs supplied to it according to the conventions of arithmetic
	has definition A symbol used for arithmetic and logical operations
	has purpose to perform a simple function of 1 to 3 arguments
	is a kind of symbol
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is evaluated before another operator with lower precedence
	is part of an expression
	is partitioned into arithmetic operator , relational operator, logical operator, bitwise operator, logical operator, assignment operator
	returns a value called its result
operator overloading	is a kind of mechanism
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is not allowed by the programmer in Java although Java contains built-in overloaded operators
Operators	is a subtopic of Java Basics
order of operator precedence	is Operators at the top take precedence over operators lower in the table. At the same level of the table, operators are evaluated from left to right. operators comments () [] Anything in parentheses, including array indexing, is evaluated first ++ -- ! Unary operators * / % Multiplicative operators + - Additive binary operators > >= < <= Relational comparison operators == != Identity comparison operators && Logical AND \ Logical OR ?: Ternary if-then-else = += *= -= /= Assignment
	is a kind of rule
	is a subtopic of Operators
overridden method	has example of calling super.myMethod(a,b)
	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
	is a subtopic of Methods
	to access you use the 'super' keyword
overriding	is a synonym of method overriding
overriding method	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
	is a subtopic of Methods
overshadowing	is a synonym of method overriding
package	contains 0 or more classes and 0 or more interfaces
	defines a name space
	groups classes or interfaces by function
	has a name
	has definition A collection of related classes and interfaces that provides access protection and namespace management
	has purpose to avoid naming conflicts to control access
	has purpose to group together related classes into a subsystem
	is a kind of scoping unit
	is a subtopic of Packages
	is specified by a file that begins with a package statement
	is stored as a set of class files in a directory
	see also package name
	can be imported
	can be imported by using the import statement
package declaration	is a synonym of package statement
	is a synonym of package statement
package name	has example finance.banking.accounts
	has example com.naviseek.Mapplet is found in the naviseek directory which is inside the com directory (com aviseekMapplet.class in other words)
	is a kind of name
	is a subtopic of Packages
	is composed of a series of words separated by dots
	maps to a directory name on the file system
	should have the domain name of the organization (with the components inverted) prepended to the package name by convention to assure that each package name is unique in the world
package statement	contains package information about the class in the source file
	has definition A statement that declares the name of the package the file defines
	has example package com.naviseek.canasta
	has purpose to specify that all classes and interfaces in its file belong to a package
	has purpose to specify the name of the package to which the compilation unit in which the package declaration is put belongs
	has syntax package packageName
	is a kind of declaration
	is a kind of statement
	is a subtopic of Packages
	is a synonym of package declaration
	is a synonym of package declaration
	must be the first statement in the source file except for comments
	must occur at the beginning of a file
package	to create you put a class in it or put an interface in it by putting a package statement at the top of the source file in which the class or interface is defined
	to import you use the import statement with the asterisk wildcard character
package^2	has example package finance.banking.accounts;
	has purpose to declare the package that a class belongs to
	is a subtopic of Packages
	is an instance of keyword
	see also package, package statement
Packages	is a subtopic of kbTop
paradigm	is a kind of kbTop
parameter	has definition A variable that transmits a primitive datum or object reference to a method or constructor
	has purpose to transmit a primitive datum or object reference to a method or constructor
	is a kind of variable
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is a synonym of argument
	is a synonym of formal parameter
	is initialized by calling the method or constructor or exception handler
	is passed by value
	can have the same name as a member variable
parameter declaration	has purpose to declare a parameter
	has syntax type parameterName
	is a kind of declaration
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
parent class	is a synonym of superclass
parseInt	has specification
	has example // converts a String to an int int i = Integer.parseInt(aString);
	has purpose to convert a String to an int
	is a member of the wrapper class Integer class
	is a subtopic of Example Methods
	is an instance of class method
part-whole relation	has definition The relation expressed by "has a"
	has example the Human class would have instance variables for arms and legs because humans have parts arms and legs
	is a kind of relation
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
platform	has definition The hardware or software environment in which a program runs
	is a kind of environment
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
pointer	has definition A variable that is used to store an address
	is a kind of variable
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
polymorphic operation	has definition An operation where the program decides, every time an operation is called, which of several identically-named methods to invoke
	is a kind of operation
polymorphism	exists when several classes which each implement the operation either have a common superclass in which the operation exists, or else implement an interface that contains the operation
	gets power from dynamic binding
	has definition A property of object oriented software by which an abstract operation may be performed in different ways in different classes
	has definition The ability to use the same syntax for objects of different types
	is one of the fundamental features of the object oriented paradigm
	is a kind of mechanism
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
postfix operator	has purpose to evaluate the value of the operand and then to perform the operation
	is a kind of operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
practice	is a kind of kbTop
prefix operator	has purpose to perform the operation and then to evaluate the value of the operand
	is a kind of operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
primitive type	evaluates to the value stored in the variable
	has a corresponding class in the java.lang package
	has definition A type where a variable of that type evaluates to the value stored in the variable
	has part primitive type name
	is a kind of type
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is normally used instead of wrapper class instances for arithmetic
	is not an object
primitive type name	is a kind of name
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	starts with a lower-case letter
primitive value	is a kind of value
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
principle	is a kind of kbTop
println	has specification
	has example System.out.println("This line will be printed");
	is a subtopic of Example Methods
	is an instance of method
privacy	allows changes to code to be more easily made since one can be confident that 'outsiders' are not relying on too many details
	improves encapsulation by ensuring that only programmers working inside a class (or inside a package) can use all of its facilities
	is a kind of practice
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
private	declares private access
	has definition A keyword that means a variable or method is only accessible within its class
	is a subtopic of Access Control
	is an instance of access modifier
	is used to declare private method
	means that a member is only accessible to its class
private access	has definition The access mode of methods or variables specified by the keyword "private"; access is limited to objects in the same class only
	is a kind of access mode
	is a subtopic of Access Control
private	may not be used when declaring members of an interface
private method	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is not inherited by subclasses
	can only be accessed by code in the same class
private variable	has definition A variable declared with the private access modifier
	is a kind of variable
	is not inherited by subclasses
procedural abstraction	has advantage when using a certain procedure, a programmer does not need to worry about all the details of how it performs its computations; he or she only needs to know how to call it and what it computes
	has advantages programs become easier to reuse easier to read easier to debug easier to augment easier to improve easier to adapt
	is a kind of abstraction
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
procedural paradigm	hides many of the details of computations
	is a kind of paradigm
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
	organizes code into procedures that each manipulate different types of data
	provides procedural abstraction
	works badly if the program's purpose is to perform calculations on complex data
	works well if the program's purpose is to perform complex calculations with relatively simple data
procedural programming	is a kind of programming
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
	reflects the way a computer carries out instructions
process	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Threads
program	is a synonym of Java program
program element name	is a kind of name
	is a subtopic of Programming
	can be very long if the length is justified because it adds clarity
	should be highly descriptive of the purpose and function of the element
	should not be less than about six characters except perhaps for loop counter variables, where i and j are commonly used
programmer	checks for valid generalizations by checking that: superclasses and subclasses have unambiguous names each subclasses retains its distinctiveness throughout its life all the inherited features must make sense in each subclass
	is responsible for anticipating things that can go wrong and writing exception handling code in preparation
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Programming
	can write comments before writing the code
	should adhere to object oriented principles
	should apply the 'isa' rule religiously
	should avoid duplication of code
	should avoid over-use of class variables or class methods
	should choose alternative that makes code simpler over more complicated one
	should comment any changes to the code so that it is easy to see what has changed from one version to the next
	should comment whatever is non-obvious but should not comment obvious things as this adds clutter
	should consider languages other than Java for number-crunching applications
	should create several small classes, rather than one big, complex class
	should ensure that anything that is true in a superclass is also true in its subclasses
	should follow consistent guidelines that make programs easy to read when writing programs
	should follow the specific conventions for commenting classes and methods that allow for documentation to be automatically generated using a program called 'javadoc'
	should group classes into logical sections with a clear comment separating each section if a class has many methods
	should keep related methods together inside a class
	should keep the number of instance variables small. If this number exceeds 10, then consider splitting the class into separate classes - e.g. a superclass and a subclass
	should learn about about the different programming strategies that make a Java program run faster
	should not use tab characters in code - use two spaces for indentation instead because when code is printed on certain printers, or displayed in certain editors, the width of the indentation resulting from the tab can vary and make the code hard to read
	should pay attention to to the documentation describing which features of Java are deprecated
	should reject 'clever' or 'cool' coding techniques unless they make the code simpler to understand
	should remember that shorter code is not necessarily better code but unnecessarily long code is also bad
	should restructure code to make it simpler if necessary
	should take advantage of polymorphism, inheritance, abstract classes, and methods
	should use consistent code layout style
	should write comments at the same time as writing code , and perhaps even before writing the code
programmer-created exception class	is a kind of class
	is a kind of exception
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
programming	is a kind of kbTop
Programming	is a subtopic of kbTop
programming environment	is a kind of tool
	is a subtopic of Java Tools
programming language	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
Programming Pearls	has author J. Bentley
	has ISBN number 0-201-65788-0
	is a subtopic of References
	is an instance of book
	was published by Addison-Wesley
	was published in 2000
progress bar	is a kind of user interface component
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
protected	declares protected access
	has definition A keyword that indicates that a method or variable may be accessed by any object in the same class (and its subclasses including those in a different compilation unit in another package), by all objects in the same compilation unit, and by all objects in the same package
	is a subtopic of Access Control
	is an instance of access modifier
	is used to declare protected method
protected access	has definition The access mode of methods or variables specified by the keyword "private"; access is limited to objects in the same class (and subclasses in any package), in the same compilation unit, and in the same package
	is a kind of access mode
	is a subtopic of Access Control
protected	may not be used when declaring members of an interface
protected method	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of Methods
	can be accessed by code in the same package as this class as well as code in any subclasses, even if they are not in the same package
	can be overridden by public method in subclass
	cannot be overridden by private method in subclass
	must be protected or public in all subclasses
public	declares public access
	has definition A keyword that indicates that a method, class or variable may be accessed by any object
	is a subtopic of Access Control
	is an instance of access modifier
	is used to declare a public class, public method or public variable
	modifies methods, classes, and variables
public access	has definition The access mode of classes, methods or variables specified by the keyword "public"; access is granted to any object
	is a kind of access mode
	is a subtopic of Access Control
public class	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of Classes
	can be accessed from outside its package
public interface	has definition A class's public instance variables and public instance methods which are accessible to objects outside the class
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Classes
public member of a package	is a kind of member of a package
	is a subtopic of Packages
	to use from outside its package you can import the member's entire package or import only the member of a package or refer to the member by its long name
public method	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is inherited by subclasses
	can be accessed by any code anywhere
	must be public in all subclasses
public variable	has definition A variable declared with the public access modifier
	is a kind of variable
	is inherited by subclasses
publication	is a kind of kbTop
reading from a file	has syntax //Instantiate a stream, reader and tokenizer FileInputStream streamVariableName = new FileInputStream(fileNameOrPath); InputStreamReader readerVariableName = new InputStreamReader(streamVariableName); StreamTokenizer tokenVariableName = new StreamTokenizer(readerVariableName); //Read from the tokenizer until it is empty while(tokenVariableName.nextToken() != tokenVariableName.TT_EOF) { ... } //Close the file streamVariableName.close();
	is a kind of action
	is a subtopic of Input and Output
recursion	has definition A mechanism in which a method calls itself
	is a kind of mechanism
	is a subtopic of Methods
recursive method	has definition A method that calls itself
	has example //Recursive method to compute the nth power of 2 public static int recursivePowerOf2 (int n) { if (n == 0) { return 1; } else { return 2 * recursivePowerOf2(n-1); } }
	is a kind of method
	is a subtopic of Methods
	uses recursion
	works by calling itself to solve a subproblem until the subproblem is simple enough to solve directly
reference	is a synonym of object reference
reference type	evaluates to the address of the location in memory where the object referenced by the variable is stored
	has default value null - a value that indicates that there is no instance assigned to the variable
	has definition A type where a variable of that type evaluates to the address of the location in memory where the object referenced by the variable is stored
	has name starting with a capital letter
	is a kind of type
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is a synonym of non-primitive type
	is partitioned into array type, class type , interface type
References	is a subtopic of kbTop
relation	is a kind of kbTop
relational operator	is a kind of operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
restricting access	controls access to methods, instance variables and class variables
	has advantages makes code easier to understand and change makes designs more flexible reduces coupling
	is a kind of practice
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
	is part of encapsulation
return statement	has purpose to exit from the current method and jump back to the statement within the calling method that follows the original method call
	has syntax return expression
	has type that is the return type of the method or a subtype of it
	is a kind of control flow statement
	is a subtopic of Methods
return statement that does not return a value	has example return;
	is a kind of return statement
	is a subtopic of Methods
return statement that returns a value	has example return count;
	is a kind of return statement
	is a subtopic of Methods
return type of overriding method	is a kind of type
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is the same as the return type of the overridden method
reuse	has definition The practice of using the same code or design in more than one place
	is a kind of practice
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
rule	is a kind of principle
Runnable	abstracts the concept of something that will execute code while it is active
	has specification
	is a subtopic of Example Interfaces
	is a subtopic of Threads
	is an instance of interface
runtime system	when the runtime system encounters a class in a program then the runtime system creates a copy of all class variables for that class
	allocates each class variable once per class
	creates space for each of an object's instance variables when the object is created
	has definition The software environment in which programs compiled for the Java virtual machine can run
	has part an implementation of the Java Virtual Machine specification which may be a Java interpreter
	has part class libraries
	has purpose to dynamically link native methods
	has purpose to handle exceptions
	has purpose to load programs written in the Java programming language
	has purpose to manage memory
	imports automatically the default package the java.lang package the current package
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is an instance of environment
scope	has definition The region of a source text over which a declaration holds
	is a kind of kbTop
Scope	is a subtopic of Java Basics
scope	is a subtopic of Scope
scope of a class variable	is a kind of scope of a variable
	is a subtopic of Scope
	is defined by the public, private and protected keywords
scope of a instance variable	is a kind of scope of a variable
	is a subtopic of Scope
	is defined by the public, private and protected keywords
scope of a variable	consists of the parts of the source code in which reference to the variable can be made
	has definition The block of code within which the variable is accessible and determines when the variable is created and destroyed
	is a kind of scope
	is a subtopic of Scope
	is defined by location of the variable declaration within your program
scope of a variable defined in a block	is a kind of scope of a variable
	is a subtopic of Scope
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is defined by the start and end of the block
scoping unit	has definition A syntactic unit that defines a scope (the region of a source text over which a declaration holds)
	is a kind of syntactic unit
	is a subtopic of Scope
scripting language	is a kind of programming language
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
scroll bar	is a kind of user interface component
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
SDK	is a subtopic of Java Tools
	is an abbreviation for Software Development Kit
	is an instance of abbreviation
Serializable	allows reading and writing of objects to files
	has specification
	is a subtopic of Example Interfaces
	is a subtopic of Object Serialization
	is an instance of interface
	is implemented by Vector class
server	has definition An application that serves clients on a network
	is a kind of application
	supports clients on a network
set method	has definition a method that assigns a value to an instance variable
	has definition A method which changes the state of an object
	is a kind of accessor method
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is a synonym of mutator
	is a synonym of setter
	is named using "set" in its name by convention
set method name	contains the word "set" by convention
	has example setHours
	is a kind of method name
	is a subtopic of Methods
setter	is a synonym of set method
shadowing	is a synonym of method overriding
shift operator	is a kind of bitwise operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
short	is a kind of integer
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	see also short^2
	see also short^3
short circuit operator	is a kind of operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
short name	is a synonym of simple name
short^2	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of integer^2
	requires 16 bits
	see also short
	see also short^3
	stores an integer
	can hold a value between -32,768 and 32,767
short^3	has purpose to indicate that a variable is of type short
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of keyword
	see also short
	see also short^2
simple class name	begins with an uppercase letter
	has example String
	is a kind of class name
	is a kind of simple name
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is a subtopic of Packages
simple name	the simple name for a member can be used if the member is in the same package as the code you are writing or if the member's package has been imported
	is a kind of name
	is a subtopic of Packages
	is a synonym of short name
	see also fully qualified name
simple program	is easier to change than a complicated program
	is a kind of Java program
	is a subtopic of Programming
	saves money because software developers are more likely to notice defects
	should not be used when simplification requires a significant drop in efficiency
simple variable name	begins with a lowercase letter
	is a kind of simple name
	is a kind of variable name
	is a subtopic of Packages
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	cannot be the same as the name of another variable in its scope
Simula-67	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
	is an instance of object-oriented programming language
	was the first object-oriented programming language
	was designed to allow programmers to write programs that simulate the way objects in the real world behave
single inheritance	has definition Inheritance from only one superclass
	is a kind of inheritance
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
	results in simpler systems than multiple inheritance
sleep	has purpose to pause a thread for a specified time
	has syntax try{sleep(time in milliseconds);} catch (InterruptedException e) {return;}
	is a member of Thread class
	is a subtopic of Threads
	is an instance of instance method
Smalltalk	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
	is an instance of object-oriented programming language
	uses a virtual machine
Software Development Kit	contains command line programs including a compiler an interpreter the appletviewer a file archiver other programs
	has different versions for different platforms such as Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000 and Windows NT
	has version number
	is free
	is a kind of Java development tool
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
	is a subtopic of Java Tools
Software Development Kit 1.3	goes with Java 2
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
	is a subtopic of Java Tools
	is an instance of Software Development Kit
Software Development Kit	can be downloaded from Sun
source code	has definition Code that is written by a person
	has part comment
	is a kind of code
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is interpreted
	is stored in files ending with the .java suffix
	can be written in a text editor such as Notepad (on Windows), emacs (on UNIX) or SimpleText (on Macintosh)
	cannot always be made completely obvious without comments
	must be placed inside a class
	should be written in lines no longer than 80 characters so that readers do not have to scroll right, and so that the code always prints correctly
	should consist of between about 25% and 50% comments
	should use consistent code layout principle
source file	if a source file does not contain a package statement then the classes and interfaces the file contains are members of the default package
	when a source file is compiled the compiler creates an output file for each class and interface defined in the source file
	has definition A file that contains source code
	has example the file called Demonstrate.java contains the class Demonstrate
	has extension .java
	is a kind of file
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	can use the import statement to use the facilities of another package
	may contain 1 or more package statements 0 or more import statements 1 public class declaration 0 or more classes private to the pacakge
	may contain more that one class but only one class can be public
	should be in a directory whose name reflects the name of the package to which the source code belongs
	should declare the package to which its class belongs using the package keyword
specification	has definition A detailed precise presentation of something or of a plan or proposal for something
	is a kind of kbTop
standalone program	is a kind of Java program
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is started by the Java virtual machine performing the computations in the main method
	must contain a class that defines a main method
state	has definition How something is; its configuration, attributes, condition, or information content
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Object Oriented Programming Concepts
	is represented by 1 or more member variable
statement	has definition A syntactic unit that defines a step in the execution of a program
	is a kind of syntactic unit
	is a subtopic of Statements and Expressions
	is terminated by a semicolon
	should be not more than one line long if possible
Statements and Expressions	is a subtopic of Java Basics
static	has definition A keyword that means a variable or method belongs to the class and not to the instances
	has purpose to indicate that a variable or method belongs to the class and not to the instances
	is a subtopic of Members
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is an instance of keyword
	is used to mark a class variable or class method
static binding	applies to files and static members
	has definition A mechanism by which the compiler determines which method implementation to use in advance, based on the type of the reference (regardless of the actual class of the object)
	is a kind of binding
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
static field	is a synonym of class variable
static initialization block	has purpose to be executed when the class loader loads the class
	is a kind of initialization block
	is a subtopic of Classes
static member	is a synonym of class member
static member variable	is a synonym of class variable
static method	is a synonym of class method
static variable	is a synonym of class variable
stream	has definition A sequence of objects
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Objects
string	allows access to its characters using the charAt method as in: stringName.charAt(index)
	consists of a collection of characters
	has zero-based indexing
	is an instance of the String class
	is a kind of object
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is not an array of characters like in C and C++
	see also String class
	can return the number of characters it contains using the length() method as in: stringName.length()
	cannot have characters added, deleted or inserted
String class	has specification
	is a subtopic of Collections
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is a subtopic of Strings
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of collection class
	is an instance of final class
	see also string
	uses zero-based indexing
string constant	is a kind of constant
	is a subtopic of Constants
	is a subtopic of Strings
	is defined by placing it in double quotes
string creation expression	has example "a" + "b" (creation is performed at run time)
	is a kind of object creation expression
	is a subtopic of Statements and Expressions
	is a subtopic of Strings
string literal	has definition A string of characters between double quotation marks
	has example "Hello world!" (created at compile time)
	is a kind of literal
	is a kind of object creation expression
	is a subtopic of Literals
	is a subtopic of Strings
	is a synonym of literal string
string	to concatenate you use the + operator
Strings	is a subtopic of Java Basics
subclass	if a subclass declares a method with the same name as a superclass's method then the subclass's method overrides the superclass's method
	if a subclass is in the same package as its superclass then the subclass inherits all members declared with no access modifier
	subclass inherits all of the members in its superclass unless the subclass hides a member variable or unless the subclass overrides a method
	subclass must override any method that is declared abstract in the superclass or the subclass must be declared abstract
	has definition A class that is an extension of another class, and hence inherits from the other class
	has example of creation public class Movie extends Attraction
	inherits 0 or more methods from its superclass and all of its ancestors
	inherits 0 or more variables from its superclass and all of its ancestors
	inherits all instance variables and methods defined in its ancestor classes
	inherits all package members of its ancestors
	inherits all protected members of its ancestors
	inherits all public members of its ancestors
	inherits none, some or all of its behaviour from all its ancestors
	inherits none, some or all of its state from all its ancestors
	is a kind of descendent
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is created using the extends keyword
	can access hidden member variables using the keyword super
	can access overridden methods using the keyword super
	can hide an inherited member variable by declaring a member variable with the same name
	can override an inherited method by defining a method with the same signature
	can use any member that is inherited
	cannot be defined until its direct superclass has been defined
	cannot override any class method (a method that is declared static in the superclass)
	cannot override any method that is declared final in the superclass
	does not inherit constructor
	does not inherit the private members of its superclass
subclass-superclass relation	has definition The relation expressed by "is a"
	has example the Human class would be a subclass of the Animal class because a human "is a" animal
	is a kind of relation
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is a subtopic of Inheritance
subclassing	has definition The process of creating a new class that inherits from an existing class
	is a kind of process
	is a subtopic of Classes
substring	has specification
	has arguments starting position and ending position + 1
	has example String sub = "submariner".substring(0,3); // = "sub"
	has purpose to extract part of a string
	has result a new String with a sequence of characters from the original string
	is a subtopic of Example Methods
	is a subtopic of Strings
	is an instance of method
Sun	has URL: http://java.sun.com
	is a kind of company
	is a subtopic of Java History and Related Languages
Sun Forte for Java	is a subtopic of Java Tools
	is an instance of programming environment
super	has definition A Java language keyword that allows a method to refer to hidden variables and overridden methods of the superclass
	has definition A keyword that refers to the superclass of an object
	has example //Example of a constructor that explicitly calls a constructor in the superclass using the keyword super public Movie(int m)} super(m); ... }
	has purpose to call the superclass's constructor to access a var in super with same name as one redeclared in this class (bad practice)
	has syntax super.variableOrMethodNameInSuperclass
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is an instance of keyword
superclass	has 1 or more subclasses called its descendant(s)
	has definition A class of which another class is an extension, and hence defines properties that are inherited by the other class
	has definition A class's direct ancestor
	is a kind of ancestor
	is a subtopic of Classes
	is a synonym of parent class
Swing component	is a kind of user interface component
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
switch-case statement	has example int month; switch (month) { case 1: System.out.println("January"); break; case 2: System.out.println("February"); break; case 3: System.out.println("March"); break; default: System.out.println("Not January, February or March" }
	has purpose to execute one of a choice of statements depending on the value of a variable
	has syntax switch(integer producing expression) { case integer constant 1: // statements to execute for integer 1 break; case integer constant 2: // statements to execute for integer 2 break; ... default: // statements to execute if none of the above is true break; }
	is a kind of decision making statement
	is a kind of decision making statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	is a synonym of case statement
	can be avoided by using polymorphism
	can omit the keyword default and the default statements if they are not needed
symbol	has definition A character or string of characters that represents or stands for something else
	is a kind of syntactic unit
synchronization	has definition A mechanism to guarantee that only one thread can access an object at a time
	has purpose to avoid problems that can arise when two threads can both modify the same object at the same time
	is a kind of mechanism
	is a subtopic of Threads
	see also synchronized
synchronized	indicates that the method modifies the internal state of the class or the internal state of an instance of the class in a way that is not thread-safe
	is a subtopic of Threads
	is an instance of keyword
	modifies class or instance method
	see also synchronization
	see also synchronized instance method, synchronized class method
synchronized class method	is a kind of class method
	is a subtopic of Threads
	does not run until Java obtains a lock on the class to ensure that no other threads can be modifying the class concurrently
synchronized instance method	has example Only one thread will be allowed inside this method at once public synchronized void countMe() { crucialValue += 1; }
	is a kind of instance method
	is a subtopic of Threads
	does not run until Java obtains a lock on the instance that invoked the method, ensuring that no other thread can be modifying the object at the same time
synonym	has definition One of two or more words or expressions that have the same meaning
	is a kind of kbTop
syntactic unit	has definition A part of a program to which a syntax rule applies
	has syntax rule bold = mandatory italic = non-terminal normal font = optional
	is a kind of kbTop
System	has definition A class that is part of the API of Java and which provides system-independent access to system-dependent functionality
	has purpose to provide system-independent access to system-dependent functionality
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is an instance of class
	is imported automatically into every program
	is part of java.lang
	is part of the API of the Java programming language
tab character	is a subtopic of Literals
	is an instance of char
	is an instance of character literal
	is denoted by ' '
terminal input and output	has example //Print System.out.println("This line will be printed"); //Read from the keyboard byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; System.in.read(buffer); String theInput = new String(buffer).trim();
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Input and Output
tertiary operator	has definition An operator that has 3 arguments
	is a kind of operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
The Java Lobby	has URL http://www.javalobby.org
	is a subtopic of References
	is an instance of web site
The Java Programming Language	has author Ken Arnold, James Gosling, David Holmes
	has ISBN number 0-201-70433-1
	is a subtopic of References
	is an instance of book
	was published by Addison-Wesley
	was published in 2000
The Java Tutorial	has URL http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial
	is a subtopic of References
	is an instance of web site
Thinking in Java	has author Bruce Eckel
	has ISBN number ISBN 0-13-027363-5
	is a subtopic of References
	is an instance of book
	was published by Prentice Hall
	was published in 2000
this	has definition A keyword that refers to the current object or is used instead of the class name as the constructor name
	has example this.accountHolder = accountHolder;
	has example //Example of a constructor that calls another constructor in the same class using the keyword this public Movie(int s, int a, int d, int m)} this(s, a, d); ... }
	has purpose to refer to the current object or is used instead of the class name as the constructor name
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is an instance of keyword
	represents the current object
thread	belongs to a thread group which places limitations on the thread to protect it from other threads
	has thread priority
	has definition An object used in multithreaded software systems that represents a sequence of program execution
	has example public class ThreadExample implements Runnable { private int counterNumber; // Identifies the thread private int counter; // How far the thread has executed private int limit; // Where counter will stop private long delay; // Pause in execution of thread in milisecs // Constructor private ThreadExample(int countTo, int number, long delay) { counter = 0; limit = countTo; counterNumber = number; this.delay = delay; } //The run method; when this finishes, the thread terminates public void run() { try { while (counter <= limit) { System.out.println("Counter " + counterNumber + " is now at " + counter++); Thread.sleep(delay); } } catch(InterruptedException e) {} } // The main method: Executed when the program is started public static void main(String[] args) //Create 3 threads and run them Thread firstThread = new Thread(new ThreadExample(5, 1, 66)); Thread secondThread = new Thread(new ThreadExample(5, 2, 45)); Thread thirdThread = new Thread(new ThreadExample(5, 3, 80)); firstThread.start(); secondThread.start(); thirdThread.start(); } }
	has purpose to enable a program to appear to be doing more than one thing at once
	has purpose to perform a job such as waiting for events or performing a time-consuming job that the program doesn't need to complete before going on
	is a kind of object
	is a subtopic of Threads
	is a synonym of lightweight process
	is supported by many operating systems and programming languages
	is terminated when it has finished its job
	see also multithreading
	see also synchronization
	see also Thread class
	stops permanently when its run method returns
	can be blocked if it is waiting for or executing another function or thread that is blocked
	can be paused for a specific amount of time using the sleep method
	can run concurrently with 1 or more other threads
Thread class	has specification
	has definition A Java class that implements the general concept of a thread
	has methods start, run, interrupt, sleep, yield, join, stop (deprecated), suspend (deprecated)
	implements the Runnable interface
	is a member of the java.lang package
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is a subtopic of Threads
	is an instance of class
	see also thread
thread group	contains threads and/or other thread groups
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Threads
	limits its members so they cannot modify threads outside their own thread group
thread priority	has default NORM_PRIORITY
	has definition The importance of a thread, which determines which thread in a system will be run first
	is a value between the constants: MIN_PRIORITY and MAX_PRIORITY
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Threads
	can be changed using the setPriority method
	can be determined using the getPriority method
thread	to create you Create a class to contain the code that will control the thread. This can be made a subclass of Thread class, or else it can implement the interface Runnable. Write a method called run in your class. The run method will normally take a reasonably long time to execute - perhaps it waits for input in a loop. When the thread is started, this run method executes, concurrently with any other thread in the system. When the run method ends, the thread terminates Create an instance of Thread class, or your subclass of Thread class, and invoking the start operation on this instance. If you implemented the interface Runnable, you have to pass an instance of your class to the constructor of Thread class.
Threads	is a subtopic of kbTop
throw	has example throw new MyException("my exceptional condition occurred");
	has purpose to indicate a throw statement
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
	is an instance of keyword
throws	has example // A method definition with a throws public void open_file() throws IOException { // Statements here that might generate an uncaught java.op.IOException }
	has purpose to indicate a throws clause
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
	is an instance of keyword
throws clause	has example // A method definition with a throws public void open_file() throws IOException { // Statements here that might generate an uncaught java.op.IOException }
	has purpose to specify the type(s) of exception(s) that might be generated when a method is run
	has syntax throws exceptionClassName
	is a kind of clause
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
	is part of method definition
	see also throws statement
throws statement	has example throw new MyException("my exceptional condition occurred");
	has purpose to generate an exception
	is a kind of exception statement
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
	is part of method body
	see also throws clause
toHexString	has specification
	has example // converts an Integer to hexadecimal intString s = Integer.toHexString(anInt);
	has purpose to convert an Integer to hexadecimal
	is a member of the wrapper class Integer class
	is a subtopic of Example Methods
	is an instance of class method
tool	is a kind of kbTop
toString	has specification
	has default implementation the name of the class followed by a hexadecimal code that distinguishes one instance from another
	has purpose to convert any kind of object into a string
	is a subtopic of Example Methods
	is an instance of method that is declared in Object class
	returns a String representation of the object to which it is applied
	should be written for every class you create
transient	identifies a variable not to be written out when an instance is serialized
	indicates a field that is not part of an object's persistent state and needs not be serialized with the object in Java 1.1
	is a subtopic of Object Serialization
	is an instance of keyword
	is not used in Java 1.0
	modifies instance fields in a class
true	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is an instance of boolean
try	has purpose to indicate the try block of a try-catch-finally statement
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
	is an instance of keyword
try block	has purpose to contain statements that might throw an exception
	has syntax // a try-catch-finally statement showing the try block in bold try{ statements } catch (exception_type1 identifier1) { statements } catch (exception_type2 identifier2) { statements ... } finally { statements }
	is a kind of nested block
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
	is part of try-catch-finally statement
try-catch-finally statement	has example //Any division by zero that occurs when executing the try block will result in execution of the catch block. //Once either block completes, execution continues at the statement after the catch block. try { result = numerator / denominator; validResult = true; } catch (ArithmeticException e) { validResult = false; }
	has part try block, catch block(s), finally block
	has syntax try{ statements } catch (exception_type1 identifier1) { statements } catch (exception_type2 identifier2) { statements ... } finally { statements }
	is a kind of decision making statement
	is a kind of exception statement
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
type	has definition A class, interface, or primitive type
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is a synonym of data type
	is partitioned into primitive type, reference type
	limits the possible values that a variable can hold or that an expression can produce at run time
	specifies a set of value
type of a variable	determines the operators that apply to the value of the variable
	determines the values that the variable can contain or refer to
	is a kind of type
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
type of an object	is a kind of synonym
	is a subtopic of Objects
	is a synonym of the class that the object is an instance of
type of each parameter of an overriding method	is a kind of type
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is the same as type of the corresponding parameter of the overridden method
unary operator	if a unary operator uses a postfix notation then the unary operator appears after its operand
	if a unary operator uses a prefix notation then the unary operator appears before its operand
	has definition An operator that has 1 argument
	is a kind of operator
	is a subtopic of Operators
unchecked exception	has definition An exception that is not checked , which is of the class RuntimeException and its subclasses, or of the class Error and its subclasses
	is a kind of exception
	is a subtopic of Exception Handling
Unicode	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is an instance of coding scheme
	can represent all the symbols used in English and other languages
Unicode character	is a synonym of char
uninitialized object	has definition An object that has been declared but has not been assigned a value
	has value null
	is a kind of object
	is a subtopic of Objects
unlabelled break statement	has example //Without a label the break statement exits the inner loop and resumes execution with the outer loop for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { while (x < 50) { if (i * x++ > 400) { break; } //inner loop here } //outer loop here }
	is a kind of break statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	jumps outside the nearest loop to an enclosing loop or to the next statement outside the loop
unlabelled continue statement	has example int count = 0; int count2 = 0; while (count++ <= array1.length) { if (array1[count] == 1) continue; array2[count2++] = (float)array1[count]; }
	is a kind of continue statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	restarts the loop it is enclosed in
unnamed object reference	has example getLength({1, 2, 3})
	is a kind of object reference
	is a subtopic of Objects
user interface	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
user interface component	has definition A component used to create the user interface such as a menu, list, input field etc.
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
	is a synonym of widget
value	if a value is assigned to a variable then the value must have the same type as the variable or the value must have a type that is a subtype of the variable's type
	has a format
	has a size in bytes
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a synonym of datum
	is partitioned into primitive value, object
value of a final variable	is a kind of value
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	cannot be changed
variable	has 1 name
	has 1 value at any one time which is the object or class or primitive datum that it refers to
	has lifetime which is the time its block is being executed
	has scope which is the block in which it is declared
	has type
	has definition An item of data named by an identifier
	has part value
	has purpose to refer to an object or a class or a primitive datum
	has scope
	is a kind of access unit
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is declared by giving the data type followed by the name of the variable
	is destroyed in the block where it is declared
	is partitioned into member variable, local variable, formal parameter
	refers to a class or an object or a primitive datum
	can be accessed by other variables and methods in any class in the same package by default
	can contain different classes of objects depending on the type of the variable
	can contain only values that are of the same type as the variable or a subtype of the variable's type
	can have an interface as its type which means that, with the variable, you can invoke any operation supported by the interface
	can refer to a particular object, several different objects during the execution of a program, or no object at all
variable declaration	has example int anInteger;
	has example Rectangle rect = new Rectangle();
	has purpose to declare a variable
	has syntax accessLevel static final transient volatile type variableName
	is a kind of declaration
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	can be placed practically anywhere in Java source code although it is good practice to only declare variables at the beginning of blocks
	must contain the type name and the variable name
variable declared as a non-primitive data type	contains an instance of a class
	is a kind of variable
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	is used by calling methods or accessing the object's instance variables
	refers indirectly to its value which is an object
	uses the name of a class as its type
variable declared as primitive data type	contains a value of the same type
	is a kind of variable
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	refers directly to its value
	does not contain object in the sense that its contents is not an instance of any class
variable definition	has purpose to define a variable
	is a kind of definition
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
variable	may have access modifier public or private or protected
variable name	has convention it consists of several words joined together with the first letter of the variable name in lowercase, each successive word beginning with a capital letter and all other letters lowercase
	has example loadFile areaCode quitGame
	is case sensitive
	is a kind of name
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
	may contain any combination of Unicode characters after the first character
	may not start with a number
	must start with a letter, an underscore character (_) or a dollar sign ($)
variable reference	is a kind of object reference
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
variable	should be as private as possible
	should have comment if it is non-obvious
variable whose type is an abstract class	contains an instance of any subclass of the abstract class
	is a kind of variable declared as a non-primitive data type
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
variable with no access modifier	has default access mode
	is a kind of variable
	is a subtopic of Variables and Data Types
Variables and Data Types	is a subtopic of Java Basics
vector	has //Declare a vector and create an instance Vector v = new Vector();
	is an instance of Vector class
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Collections
	see also Vector class
	can be used to implement a queue or push-down stack
	can have new elements added to the front, back or middle without replacing existing elements
	can only store reference types, not primitive types
	can return the number of elements it contains using the size() method as in: vectorName.size()
Vector class	has specification
	is a member of the java.util package
	is a subtopic of Collections
	is a subtopic of Example Classes
	is an instance of collection class
	see also vector
vector	does not have a fixed size like an array
virtual binding	is a synonym of dynamic binding
virtual machine	has definition An abstract specification for a computing device that can be implemented in different ways, in software or hardware
	is a kind of platform
	is a kind of specification
	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is abbreviated as VM
	usually uses just-in-time compilation
visibility modifier	is a synonym of access modifier
VM	is a subtopic of How Java Works
	is an abbreviation for virtual machine
	is an instance of abbreviation
void	has definition A keyword that indicates that a method returns no result
	is a subtopic of Methods
	is an instance of keyword
volatile	indicates that the field is used by synchronized threads and that the compiler should not attempt to perform optimizations with it
	is a subtopic of Threads
	is an instance of keyword
	modifies fields
wait method	is a subtopic of Threads
	is an instance of method that is declared in Object class
Web browser	has definition A software application that enables you to access the World Wide Web
	is a kind of kbTop
	is a subtopic of Applets
	is a synonym of browser
web site	is a kind of publication
while loop	has example //Decrement n by 1 until n is 0 while (n != 0) { n = n - 1; }
	has purpose to repeat a computation by looping through that computation until a test has been satisfied
	has syntax while(condition) { // statements to keep executing while condition is true }
	is a kind of loop statement
	is a subtopic of Loops and Decision Making
	can be interchanged with a for loop
widget	is a synonym of user interface component
window	is a kind of user interface component
	is a subtopic of Graphical User Interfaces
	to display you define a subclass of the JFrame class by instantiating the following pattern, and create a new instance of that subclass import java.awt.swing.*; class subclassName extends JFrame { subclassName (String title) { super(title); setSize(width, height): show(); } }
wrapper class	contains useful class methods
	corresponds to primitive data type
	has purpose to allow you to do something with primitive values beyond what the basic operators can accomplish
	is a kind of class
	is a subtopic of Classes
	see also instance of wrapper class
writing to a file	has syntax //Instantiate a stream, and a PrintWriter FileOutputStream streamVariableName = new FileOutputStream(fileNameOrPath); PrintWriter printerVariableName = new PrintWriter(streamVariableName) //Write a string to the file printerVariableName.print(string); //Write a string and a newline to the file printerVariableName.println(string); //Close the file streamVariableName.close();
	is a kind of action
	is a subtopic of Input and Output
|	has purpose to return true if at least one of its operands evaluates to true
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of binary operator
	is an instance of bitwise operator
	is an instance of logical operator
	always evaluates both its operands
|=	has equivalent op1= op2 is equivalent to > op1 = op1 op2
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of assignment operator
||	evaluates its second operand only if the first operand returns false
	has purpose to return true if at least one of its operands evaluates to true
	indicates logical OR
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of binary operator
	is an instance of logical operator
	is an instance of short circuit operator
~	has purpose to perform a bitwise complement
	is a subtopic of Operators
	is an instance of bitwise operator
	is an instance of unary operator