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physical object > natural object > particle > element > column grouped element > group IV element > silicon

silicon (Si, 3P0 in ground state)
subject			fact

silicon	has symbol Si
	has lethal intake non-toxic
	has reserves unlimited × 10 tonnes
	has main mining area talc in Austria, Italy, India, South Africa, Australia, mica in Canada, USA, India, Brazil
	has mineral silicates
	has neutron scattering length 0.41543 × 10-12 cm
	has electron affinity 133.3 kJ mol-1 from Si to Si-
	has toxic intake non-toxic
	has poisson's ratio 0.42 GPa
	has rigidity modulus 39.7 GPa
	has young's modulus 113 GPa
	has mass magnetic susceptibility -1.8 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for solid
	has electrical resistivity 0.001 Ω m at 273 K
	has van der Waals radii 200 pm
	has covalent radii 117 pm
	has thermal neutron capture cross section 0.171 barns
	has longest lived isotope silicon 28
	has isotope mass range 24 to 34
	has number of isotopes 11 including nuclear isomers
	has pronunciation sil-i-kon
	has name origin silicis = flint from Latin
	has discovery location Stockholm, Sweden
	has abundance 4.47 × 107 in Sun relative to H = 1 × 1012
	has abundance 277100 p.p.m. in Earth's crust
	has abundance 0.03 p.p.m. in Atlantic surface seawater
	has abundance 0.82 p.p.m. in deep Atlantic seawater
	has abundance 0.03 p.p.m. in Pacific surface seawater
	has abundance 4.09 p.p.m. in deep Pacific seawater
	has specimen available as powder, pieces or lumps. Safe.
	has world production 5000 tonnes year-1 for electronic grade (very pure)
	has world production 480000 tonnes year-1 for metallurgical grade
	has world production 3.4 × 106 tonnes year-1 for metallurgical grade
	has chief source quartz, talc, mica
	has mass absorption coefficient 60.6 cm2 g-1 for CuKα X-ray diffraction
	has mass absorption coefficient 6.44 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction
	has space group
	has crystal cell dimension a = pm
	has crystal type
	has atomic emission line 251.611 nm for Si I
	has atomic emission line 288.156 nm for Si I
	has atomic emission line 504.103 nm for Si II
	has atomic emission line 505.598 nm for Si I
	has atomic emission line 566.956 nm for Si I
	has atomic emission line 634.710 nm for Si II
	has atomic emission line 637.136 nm for Si II
	has term symbol 3P0 in ground state
	has electron configuration [Ne]3s23p2 in ground state
	has mass of element in person 1 g for a 70 kg average person
	has daily dietary intake 18 - 1200 mg
	has level in humans 3.9 mg dm-3 in blood
	has level in humans 17 p.p.m. in bone
	has level in humans 12 - 120 p.p.m. in liver
	has level in humans 100 - 200 p.p.m. in muscle
	has hazard some silicate fibres are carcinogenic such as asbestos
	has biological role essential to some species and possibly to humans
	has linear expansion coefficient 4.2 × 10-6 K-1
	has thermal conductivity 148 W m-1 K-1 at 300 K
	has molar volume 12.06 cm3
	has heat capacity 20.00 J K-1 mol-1 for solid at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K
	has heat capacity 22.251 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K
	has heat of vaporization 383.3 kJ mol-1
	has heat of fusion 39.6 kJ mol-1
	has boiling point 2628 K
	has melting point 1683 K
has electronegativity 1.90 Pauling
has relative atomic mass 28.0555 in units of 12C = 12.000
has ionic radii 26 pm for Si4+
has ionic radii 271 pm for Si4-
has atomic radii 117 pm
has number of protons 14
has registry number 7440-21-3 for Chemical Abstracts System database
has density 2329 kg m-3 for solid at 293 K
has density 2525 kg m-3 for liquid at 1683 K melting point
has synthesis mechanism reduction of sand (SiO2) with carbon produces black amorphous silicon
has ocean oxidation state IV
has ocean residence time 30000 years
has atomic number 14
does not react oxygen, water or acids
reacts HF acid or hot alkali solutions by dissolving
has discovery date 1824
has discoverer J.J. Berzelius
has uses semiconductors, alloys and polymers
has image
has definition ultrapure crystals of silicon have a blue-grey metallic sheen
is a kind of nonmetallic metalloid
is a kind of group IV element
is a kind of lithophile element
is a kind of recycled oceanic element
recycled oceanic element	has ocean concentration increasing with depth
lithophile element	has occurrence in silicate materials such as igneous rocks
group IV element	has group 14
element	is a part of Universe
	has synonym atom
particle	obeys uncertainty principle
	has frequency inversely proportional to the wavelength
	has wavelength inversely proportional to its momentum
	has charge
	has mass
physical object	has location or center of gravity
	has angular momentum
	has velocity
	has momentum
	has temperature
	has volume
	has extent
	has material

Kinds of silicon :

• silicon 28 (9 facts) (²⁸Si)
• silicon 29 (13 facts) (²⁹Si)
• silicon 30 (9 facts) (³⁰Si)
• silicon 31 (9 facts) (³¹Si)
• silicon 32 (10 facts) (³²Si)

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