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physical object > natural object > particle > element > column grouped element > group IV element > carbon

carbon (C, 3P0 in ground state)
subject			fact

carbon	has symbol C
	has reserves 127 × 109 tonnes for natural gas
	has reserves 140 × 109 tonnes for oil
	has reserves 1000 × 109 tonnes for coal
	has reserves large for tar sands
	has main mining area graphite deposits in Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Russia, South Korea, Mexico, Czech Republic, Italy
	has main mining area diamond deposits in South Africa, USA, Russia, Brazil, Zaire, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Canada
	has mineral diamond, graphite, calcium magnesium carbonates, fossil fuel
	has neutron scattering length 0.66460 × 10-12 cm
	has electron affinity 121.9 kJ mol-1 from C to C-
	has toxic intake non-toxic, but some compounds can be very toxic such as CO or CN-
	has mass magnetic susceptibility -6.3 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for graphite
	has mass magnetic susceptibility -6.2 × 10-9 kg-1 m3 for diamond
	has electrical resistivity 1.375 × 10-5 Ω m for graphite at 293 K
	has electrical resistivity 1 × 1011 Ω m for diamond at 293 K
	has electrical resistivity 1 × 1014 Ω m for buckminsterfullerene at 293 K
	has van der Waals radii 185 pm
	has covalent radii 77 pm for single bond
	has covalent radii 67 pm for double bonds
	has covalent radii 60 pm for triple bonds
	has thermal neutron capture cross section 0.0035 barns
	has longest lived isotope carbon 12
	has isotope mass range 9 to 16
	has number of isotopes 8 including nuclear isomers
	has pronunciation kar-bon
	has name origin carbo = charcoal from Latin
	has abundance 4.17 × 108 in Sun relative to H = 1 × 1012
	has abundance 480 p.p.m. in Earth's crust
	has abundance 350 p.p.m. by volume in Earth's atmosphere as CO2
	has abundance 23 p.p.m. in Atlantic surface seawater
	has abundance 26 p.p.m. in deep Atlantic seawater
	has abundance 26 p.p.m. in Pacific surface seawater
	has abundance 28 p.p.m. in deep Pacific seawater
	has specimen amorphous, fullerenes, bucky tubes, diamond, graphite and soot. Safe.
	has world production 8.6 ×
	has chief source graphite
	has mass absorption coefficient 4.60 cm2 g-1 for CuKα X-ray diffraction
	has mass absorption coefficient 0.625 cm2 g-1 for MoKα X-ray diffraction
	has space group Fd3m for cubic diamond
	has space group P63/mmc for hexagonal diamond
	has space group P63mc for hexagonal graphite
	has space group R3m for rhombohedral graphite
	has crystal cell dimension a = 356.703 pm for cubic diamond
	has crystal cell dimension a = 252, c = 412 pm for hexagonal diamond
	has crystal cell dimension a = 246, c = 670.78 pm for hexagonal graphite
	has crystal cell dimension a = 364.2 pm, α = 39°30' for rhombohedral graphite
	has crystal cell dimension a = 894.8, c = 1408 pm for hexagonal carbon (chaoite)
	has crystal cell dimension a = 1414 pm for buckminsterfullerene
	has crystal type cubic for cubic diamond
	has crystal type hexagonal for hexagonal diamond
	has crystal type hexagonal for hexagonal graphite
	has crystal type rhombohedral for rhombohedral graphite
	has crystal type hexagonal for hexagonal carbon (chaoite)
	has crystal type f.c.c. for buckminsterfullerene
	has atomic emission line 247.856 nm for C I
	has atomic emission line 283.671 nm for C II (strong)
	has atomic emission line 426.726 nm for C II (strong)
	has atomic emission line 723.642 nm for C II (strong)
	has term symbol 3P0 in ground state
	has electron configuration [He]2s22p2 in ground state
	has mass of element in person 16 kg for a 70 kg average person
	has daily dietary intake 300 g
	has level in humans 0.0016 - 0.075 mg dm-3 in blood
	has level in humans 300000 p.p.m. in bone
has level in humans 670000 p.p.m. in liver
has level in humans 670000 p.p.m. in muscle
has hazard carbon black is a nuissance but not dangerous, although soot may harbour carcinogenic materials
has biological role DNA constituent, organic molecules required for life
has linear expansion coefficient 1.19 × 10-6 K-1 for diamond
has thermal conductivity 1960 W m-1 K-1 for graphite at 298 K along sheets
has thermal conductivity 5.7 W m-1 K-1 for graphite at 298 K perpendicular to sheets
has thermal conductivity 990 - 2320 W m-1 K-1 for diamond at 298 K
has molar volume 3.42 cm3 for diamond
has heat capacity 8.527 J K-1 mol-1 for solid graphite at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K
has heat capacity 6.113 J K-1 mol-1 for solid diamond at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K
has heat capacity 20.838 J K-1 mol-1 for gas at constant pressure 0.1 MPa at 298.15 K
has heat of vaporization 710.9 kJ mol-1
has heat of fusion 105.1 kJ mol-1
has boiling point 5100 K (sublimes)
has melting point 3820 K for diamond
has melting point 3800 K for graphite
has melting point 800 K for buckminsterfullerene (sublimes)
has electronegativity 2.55 Pauling
has relative atomic mass 12.011 in units of 12C = 12.000
has ionic radii 260 pm for C4-
has atomic radii 77 pm
has number of protons 6
has registry number 7440-44-0 for Chemical Abstracts System database
has density 3513 kg m-3 for diamond at 293 K
has density 2260 kg m-3 for graphite at 293 K
has density 1650 kg m-3 for buckminsterfullerene at 293 K
has synthesis mechanism
has ocean oxidation state IV
has ocean residence time 800000 years
has atomic number 6
reacts with almost everything
has discovery date pre-historic
has uses coke in steel, carbon black in printing, as a filler, activated charcoal for water treatement and respirators
has image
has definition pure forms occur as graphite, diamond and buckminsterfullerene C60
is a kind of nonmetallic element
is a kind of group IV element
is a kind of siderophile element
is a kind of atmophile element
is a kind of recycled oceanic element
recycled oceanic element	has ocean concentration increasing with depth
atmophile element	has occurrence atmosphere of a planet or asteroid
siderophile element	has occurrence in planet metallic core and associated with iron
group IV element	has group 14
element	is a part of Universe
	has synonym atom
particle	obeys uncertainty principle
	has frequency inversely proportional to the wavelength
	has wavelength inversely proportional to its momentum
	has charge
	has mass
physical object	has location or center of gravity
	has angular momentum
	has velocity
	has momentum
	has temperature
	has volume
	has extent
	has material

Kinds of carbon :

• carbon 10 (9 facts) (¹⁰C)
• carbon 11 (11 facts) (¹¹C)
• carbon 12 (8 facts) (¹²C)
• carbon 13 (14 facts) (¹³C)
• carbon 14 (11 facts) (¹⁴C)

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